Revenue is a key concept in the activities of an enterprise. What are revenue, profit and income: how do they differ and what are they formed from? How are sales different from revenue?

We recently conducted a study and found that more than 50% of our clients in small and micro businesses do their own accounting. The advantages are obvious - savings. There may be no downsides if the entrepreneur understands financial and accounting. Sometimes this is critical.

Here is a case from real practice that well illustrates the importance of financial literacy for an entrepreneur. Once, when filling out a balance sheet, a business owner indicated the balance of funds in the account, the cost of goods, the amount of receivables and payables, and wrote in fixed assets the words: “Nissan.”

Do you think the entrepreneur’s assets and liabilities matched, and what would the tax authorities say to this?

Confusion in terms can lead to overpayments or underpayments, which could result in tax penalties. Everyone should understand well and be able to distinguish from each other the main indicators of financial activity: revenue, profit, income, turnover and turnover.

Revenue, income and gross profit

Revenue is the amount of money received from the sale of goods, works, and services. It can be determined by the “shipment” method, that is, at the time of actual shipment of goods or provision of services, or it can be determined by the “cash” method, that is, at the time of receipt of payment. In addition to funds received directly from the sale of goods and services, it may also include proceeds from the sale of valuable assets and other income.

In accordance with the accounting regulations, “an organization’s income is recognized as an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash, other property) and (or) repayment of liabilities, leading to an increase in the capital of this organization, with the exception of contributions from participants (owners of property).”

Revenue is an indicator of financial well-being and the starting point for calculating the profit of an enterprise. It can be zero or positive, but never negative.

The concepts of “revenue” and “turnover” are generally identical. At the same time, “turnover” can often be used to refer to a company’s non-cash turnover, that is, the receipt of funds to the current account for goods, works and services sold.

In any case, revenue, income, and turnover are “gross” characteristics that do not take into account the costs (expenses) of the company.

Gross profit is equal to the difference between revenue and expenses (costs) for the main activity (cost of goods or services sold). The financial result, which takes into account expenses in all areas of the company's activities, is called net profit (positive financial result) or net loss (negative).

Company turnover, trade turnover and revenue

Confusion often arises in the concepts of “turnover” and “turnover”. We have already found out that a company's turnover is the money that an enterprise has; this term refers to economics. Trade turnover is a concept from the field of accounting; it denotes the amount of funds received from the sale of goods or services.

Trade turnover should be distinguished from revenue - in addition to direct income from trade, it may include other types of income and income from the sale of property. Thus, revenue can be either greater than turnover or equal to it.

In addition, it is important how you calculate revenue - on an accrual basis or on a cash basis. As mentioned earlier, in the first case, income or expenses are taken into account in the period to which they relate, in the second - when they are directly paid. If the sale is made in installments or deferred payment, then, in the case of cash settlement, revenue and turnover may also differ.

The main goal of the financial and economic activity of every commercial organization is to obtain profit, which is one of the key indicators of such activity (Article 50 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Also, one of the main indicators of a company’s performance is its revenue. What is the difference between revenue and profit, we will consider in this consultation.

Revenue, profit and income: what's the difference

In order to answer the questions of how income differs from revenue and profit, and also how revenue differs from profit, we will understand how revenue and profit are formed.

The company's income is recognized as receipts of cash, other property and proceeds from the repayment of obligations, which lead to an increase in the capital of this organization, with the exception of deposits of its participants (clause 2 of PBU 9/99).

The organization's income is divided into income from ordinary activities and other income (clause 4 of PBU 9/99).

The company's income for ordinary activities is revenue from the sale of goods, receipts as a result of the performance of work or the provision of services (clause 5 of PBU 9/99).

Revenue consists of the amount of cash received, other property calculated in monetary terms, and the amount of receivables (in the part not covered by receipts) from the company’s main activity, with the exception of the following receipts (clause 3, clause 6 of PBU 9 /99 ):

amounts of VAT, excise taxes, export duties and other similar mandatory payments;
amounts under agency agreements, commission agreements and other similar agreements in favor of the principal, principal, etc.;
amounts received as prepayment for goods, works, services;
amounts of advances for payment of goods, works, services;
deposit;
amounts received as collateral if the agreement provides for the transfer of the pledged property to the pledgee;
amounts received as repayment of a loan provided to the borrower.

In addition to income in the form of proceeds from the sale of goods, performance of work and provision of services in the main type of activity, the organization’s income also includes other income from other types of activities (investment, financial), with the exception of income specified in clause 3 of PBU 9/99 (clause 4 PBU 9/99).

In particular, other income includes income from the provision of one’s property for temporary use for a fee; proceeds from participation in the authorized capital of another organization; interest on loans and borrowings provided; fines and penalties for violation of the terms of contracts (clause 7 of PBU 9/99).

That is, income is not revenue or profit. These are all proceeds that lead to an increase in the company's capital.

The company's profit is defined as the positive difference between the income received (which includes revenue from the sale of goods and services, income from the rental of property, interest income, fines received, etc.) and the expenses incurred to obtain this income.

What is the difference between revenue and profit (in simple words)

So, income is revenue from the sale of goods, performance of work, provision of services, as well as other non-sales income (clause 4, clause 5 of PBU 9/99, clause 1 of Article 248 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, clause 1 of Article 249 of the Tax Code RF).

The difference between revenue and profit is as follows.

Revenue is the volume of sales, the amount of money received from the sale of manufactured or previously purchased products, services provided, work performed (Article 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Profit is the part of income (including revenue from sales of goods, works, services) remaining after reimbursement of costs aimed at obtaining it (Article 247 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Unlike profit, revenue cannot be negative or zero.

Let's explain with an example. The organization sold goods worth 100,000 rubles in a month. This is the organization's income. The cost of purchasing these goods amounted to 50,000 rubles. Other expenses of the organization per month - 20,000 rubles. Then the organization’s profit for the month will be:

100,000 rub. - 50,000 rub. - 20,000 rub. = 30,000 rub.

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Some of those people who want to open their own business do not understand the basics of economic theory at all. Profit, revenue, income... Sounds similar. However, this is not the same thing. If you are a new entrepreneur, you just need to know the difference between income and profit and revenue. And sometimes even experienced entrepreneurs confuse these terms.

Did you already understand the difference between income and income from the explanations above? What about the difference between earnings and income? Income can also be expressed as net income or the excess of total income over total. Note that when total expenses exceed total income, the difference is called a net loss.

In this case, the company's inventory consists of computers. Please note that selling a vehicle to a company is not a normal business activity or transaction because the company is in the business of selling computers, not vehicles. I hope you learned something from this discussion.

What is revenue?

Revenue is all material assets received by an individual or legal entity as a result of business activities for a certain period: from the sale of goods, provision of services, performance of work. Most people think that revenue is everything that comes into the cash register. This is not entirely true. Indeed, this is what usually happens in retail sales: the product is paid for immediately after it is received by the buyer. But it’s a completely different matter if we’re talking about mutual settlements between counterparty enterprises. In this case, the difference between the buyer receiving the goods and paying for the goods can be significant. Therefore, it is important to know that usually revenue in such cases is determined at the time of shipment of the goods (provision of services, etc.), regardless of whether the goods have been paid for.

Net income is critical when calculating ROI for business owners. This is also called the bottom line, or what the business owner gets to save after paying all of his expenses. Business analysts use comparisons and ratios to help them analyze the strength and performance of a business. Profit margin is one of these ratios.

This is the total amount of all income from a business minus all expenses associated with generating that income. Revenue comes from the sale of goods and services, as well as interest income and capital gains. Expenses include the cost of goods sold, as well as any labor or rent costs the company incurs.

What is the essence of income?

Income is the difference between the cost of goods and the proceeds from their sale. However, this only applies to goods. It is usually believed that since there are no costs for materials when providing services, income is equal to revenue.

Profit is a value that reflects the difference between income and the costs of obtaining it. Profit is the final and desired result of the activity of any entrepreneur.

Profit margin is the ratio of total sales to revenue generated, expressed as a percentage. To calculate profit, divide the net income for the business by total sales and multiply by 100 to get a percentage. Many companies rely on gross profit to analyze business operations as well as net profit. Gross profit is the amount of money received from the sale of a product minus the cost of goods sold. Cost of goods includes the cost of invoicing goods for a wholesale or retail business and includes all costs associated directly with creating the product in a manufacturing business.

Income and revenue are always positive values. And profit can be not only positive, but also negative. After all, it may happen that all the costs (expenses) of entrepreneurial activity are higher than the income received.

There are two types of profit: gross and net. Gross profit is the profit that remains as a result of summing up all income and deducting expenses that are associated with the income received (for example, if income is received from the sale of a product, then the cost of this product will be the expense).

Divide the gross profit amount by the total sales and multiply it by 100 to calculate the gross profit percentage. High profitability of a business compared to competitors in the same type of wholesale or retail business may mean that an organization can operate at a lower cost. This could involve a strategic purchase or could sell their product for a lot of money. It may also have lower overall costs due to good business management. If a business has significantly different profit margins than its peers, a thorough analysis of the business operations is necessary to determine the root cause.

Net profit remains after deducting absolutely all expenses of the enterprise from income. These may include:

Taxes;
Various fines;
Loan payment;
Expenses for office rent and similar expenses.

Of course, all indicators are taken for a certain period.

There are two ways to determine the indicators under consideration.

Profit margins allow companies to compare themselves to their peers, regardless of the amount of money the business makes. Craig Woodman began writing professionally with Woodman articles published in Professional Distributor magazine and various online publications. He has written extensively about automotive issues, business, personal finance, and recreational vehicles. Woodman teaches the Bachelor of Science in Finance through online education.

Contribution margin and gross income have strong similarities to each other, but differ significantly in some aspects. Net profit refers to both of these terms, but is something very different. These terms require different mathematical formulas and variables to define and impact businesses in different ways.

The first method, “by shipment” (or accrual method), means that revenue (income, expenses) are determined at the time of transfer of goods, performance of work, provision of services (and this does not depend on their actual payment). This is the method that is usually used.

The second method, “by payment” (or cash method), means that the organization’s revenue, income or expense is determined at the time of actual payment for work, services, goods.

Income and revenue

Calculating gross profit requires only the most basic math. Gross profit equals the cost of goods sold subtracted from the total revenue from those goods. This term is most often applied to shops. Gross profit calculation helps businesses determine the profitability of products.

Calculating net profit turns out to be slightly more complex than calculating gross profit, although it still requires a little more than basic math. Net profit is equal to the actual profit received after subtracting all expenses. In a retail context, calculating net income requires subtracting a number of values from gross profit. This example simply covers net profit in retail. This term applies across the board to any business that calculates net income by subtracting all expenses from all revenue received.

As a rule, this method is used in small organizations with cash payments. For example, in retail stores, where the transfer of goods almost coincides with its payment.

The second method has a number of disadvantages. Among them are, for example, the inability to fully control accounts receivable and payable, since records of cash receipts are kept, but records of goods sold, services rendered, and work performed are not kept.

Calculating net income gives a business a measure of its profitability and understands how it loses and gains capital. Calculating the contribution margin seems relatively simple on the surface, but requires working with some unpredictable numbers. Basically, contribution margin is the variable costs of a particular product subtracted from the sales generated from that product. Variable costs include primarily labor and materials. Manufacturers calculate contribution margin as a means of determining the profitability of labor and production processes and technologies used in producing products.

A clear understanding of economic categories and income makes it possible to correctly plan and implement your steps, decisions and actions in real economic activity.

The most common misconception is that revenue refers to all cash receipts to sellers in markets and retail outlets, to cash registers and to current accounts. After all, other income may come to the current account, for example:

The difference between contribution margin, net profit and gross profit is called into two camps, between net profit and the other two, and between contribution margin and gross profit. At first glance, the gross profit margin and contribution margin appear to be identical. The difference lies in the industry. Gross profit applies to the trade industry, to situations where companies buy fully manufactured products and sell them. The size of the contribution relates to the manufacturing industry, to situations in which a company produces and sells goods in the trading sector.

return of excess advance payments previously transferred by the company to suppliers
charitable funds not related to economic activities
loans, borrowings, advances under agreements concluded with banking and other financial institutions
social insurance fund amounts for accrued sick leave

Cash desks also sometimes receive funds not related to sales, for example:

Net profit is different from contribution margin and gross profit. This refers to all revenues generated by the entire company, while contribution margin and gross profit refer only to sales and sales. Will will slip into the route, and you can write in his work on different sites. He is the chief entertainment writer for College Gentleman magazine and contributes to various other music and film sites. Gish holds a BFA in art history from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

This is an incorrect assumption. For a company it is not the same as for a company. Also called "gross profit," it is a general measure of the total sales profit a company produces after subtracting only those costs that are directly attributable to production.

funds received from the bank to pay wages
fees, repayment of advance reports, loans received
dividends received for payment to the founders of the company, firm
caused by an employee to the enterprise

Another common mistake is to understand revenue as the receipt of funds, exclusively in cash. But in practice, there are often cases when the buyer pays for shipped products or services performed with a counter-delivery.

Thus, it does not show the overall profitability of the company. Instead, it establishes a relationship between production costs and total sales revenue. Gross profit appears on a company's income statement as the difference between sales revenue and cost of goods sold.

Gross Profit: Total sales revenue is the total direct costs of goods sold. While gross margin measures the overall profitability of a company, the gross profit margin of a given product or group of products offered by a company. Gross profit - group photo; Contribution fields are individual snapshots.

Task. The company, under a supply agreement, shipped goods worth 100 thousand rubles to a private company. The company provided transport services to the company in the amount of 20 thousand rubles, and transferred 80 thousand rubles to the company’s bank account. How much revenue did the company receive from these?

Answer. 20 + 80 = 100 thousand rubles.

Based on the above facts, the following should be considered an accurate definition:

Contribution margin is calculated by first establishing the revenue generated by the sales of a particular item, then subtracting from that figure all direct manufacturing costs associated with that same item, and then dividing the results by the revenue figure. Contribution margin = ÷ income from the sale of goods.

What the contribution gives you is how beneficial one item in a product line is compared to another. The contribution fields are an individual close-up shot. The advantages of contribution margin calculations are relatively simple: if a product's contribution margin, set as a percentage yield, occupies the smallest position in a company's product line, the firm can then solve the problems of that particular product, either by increasing its price or by reducing any possible ways the product's cost may change or , if necessary, replacing this product with another product with greater profit potential.

Revenue - monetary, material or other economic benefits received by an enterprise for goods, work, and services supplied.

The concept and essence of income

Is a broader concept.

State revenues include all sources of funds received into the state budget in accordance with established codes, laws, and other regulations, for example:

Gross Margin Utility and Contribution Margin

Behind her is a huge pile of airplane seat cushions. In the foreground we see her in the process of painstakingly hand-embroidering a single pillow. An airline company's gross margin reflects the overall loss of profitability. Contribution fields tell us more about where and how the problem occurs.

Both financial ratios give us useful information about the company. Gross margin assesses a company's overall ability to bring profitable products to market - important information when evaluating a company for investment, for example. However, none of these ratios are designed primarily to assess the overall financial strength of a company. The exception to both ratios are companies, which include costs associated with employees and managers, as well as other costs associated with its physical plant.

taxes, fees, duties, excise taxes, fines
receipts from the provision of public services
from foreign economic activity
from previously provided installment plans, loans

The income of a family or a citizen includes the benefits they receive in the form of wages, benefits, scholarships from the sale of what is grown on a farmstead, summer cottage, or from the sale of a car, house construction, apartment and income from other sources.

Difference between income and revenue

Two companies may have similar gross margin and profit ratios, but if the executives of one company receive high salaries and benefits, and that the company's physical setup costs are also high, it will be much less successful than the other company that manages to maintain its fixed costs low.

Sales and profit are two very different things - as a business owner, you may find yourself without money to pay the bills, despite sales you knew were profitable. You may also be alarmed to discover that strong cash flows from sales actually resulted in little profit.

Income of business entities includes income from all possible types of business activity minus indirect taxes and fees (value added tax, turnover tax, excise taxes).

For the purposes of accounting and statistical accounting, economic planning, income is usually distributed by type:

What is income: key aspects

A cash flow forecast tracks the flow of cash in and out of your business. The timing of these flows allows us to identify cash-rich and cash-strapped periods. This helps you make the right decisions, such as when to buy assets or prepare for cash shortages.

“Businesses that are short on cash need to find a solution quickly to avoid bankruptcy.” Cash flow is essential to the survival of your business - perhaps more so than profit in the short term. Profits can be significant in the long term, but short-term cash needs to pay bills and operating expenses.

What is the difference between income and revenue?

The concept of “revenue” is limited in relation to receipts from the sale of goods or services provided, or work performed.

“Income” has a broader scope.

Gross income refers to all types of income specified in the previous section.

In retail trade, the amount of revenue is determined by receipts at the cash registers of a company or firm, and net income is determined by the amount of realized markups on goods sold and received trade discounts from suppliers.

Income from financial and investment activities is also not determined by the amount of funds actually received into the current account, but is calculated as the final result of transactions with a financial or investment asset.

It is the income in relation to the expenses of business entities for individual types of their activities and for the enterprise and corporation as a whole that make it possible to determine its final financial result - a general indicator that is most interesting to the owners and users of official statistical reporting.

Therefore, the correct understanding of both the revenue and income of a company, firm, organization and the exact answer to the question: “income and revenue, what is the difference?” is of paramount importance.

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Many people do not fully understand what a company’s profit and its revenue are, and what is the difference between these concepts, and if you look deeper, each of these terms has its own subterms: net profit and EBITDA, gross revenue.

Workers in economic specialties (state statistics employees or accountants), when publishing indicators and indicators, imply clearly defined definitions of each term.

They are stipulated in legislative acts, full awareness of which is mandatory for such employees. But since the concepts of revenue and profitability are in the sphere of interests of many non-professionals, an understanding of the essence of the concepts being discussed will be useful.

Revenue- the amount of money or other equivalents that an enterprise receives over a specified period of time of its operation, mostly through the sale of products or services.

It is necessary to distinguish between revenue and income: the latter represents revenue (turnover) minus the cost (or purchase price) of a product or service.

Revenue does not include increases in capital due to increases in the value of the company's assets due to any factor. In the case of calculating the revenue of charitable organizations, it is calculated as the total amount of charitable cash injections received.

Revenue formula

The revenue formula can be presented as follows:

Revenue = cost (or purchase price) + added value
Revenue = sales value * number of units sold

According to the Accounting Regulation number 9/99, revenue recognition occurs subject to the mandatory presence of the following criteria:

the enterprise has the right to receive this revenue (which follows from the subject contract);
final revenue can be determined;
there is confidence that that as a result of a certain transaction there will be an increase in the financial benefits of the enterprise;
ownership(use and disposal, possession) of the goods (products) is transferred from the enterprise to the client or the customer accepted the work (service provided);
costs associated with the transaction, can be determined.

The total revenue of the enterprise for the reporting period consists of:

Revenue from core activities- the amount of money or other assets in monetary terms received or that will be received in the future as a result of the sale of products, provision of services at prices and tariffs in accordance with contracts.
Revenue from investment activities.
Revenue from the company's financial activities.

The last two points include:

financial receipts from shares in the capital of other companies, dividends, bonds and other securities;
financial proceeds from leasing;
additional financial income due to the exchange rate delta on foreign currency accounts and transactions in foreign currencies;
financial proceeds from the revaluation of funds placed in securities, subsidiaries, and so on;
royalties and capital transfers received;
other financial income from financial activities.

Total revenue consists of revenue in the above three areas, but mainly it consists of revenue from core activities, which, in general, is the whole raison d'être of the company.

Profit– net income from business activity, reflected in cash, which is a delta of the company’s total income and total costs.

Profit (or loss) of a company is a defining indicator demonstrating financial results.

The Accounting Regulations number 4/99 outlines the process of profit generation and presents its 5 main indicators:

Clean(retained earnings);
Profit from core activities;
Sales profit— delta of gross profit and distribution costs;
Profit (or loss) before tax– calculated according to the following scheme: operating income is added to operating profit and operating costs are subtracted, non-operating income is added to this total and non-operating costs are subtracted;
— equal to the delta of sales revenue (less VAT, excise duties and other mandatory payments) and the cost of goods sold (in the trade sector, the cost is equal to the purchase price of the goods).

Profit formula

The company's main profit consists of:

1) Profit (or loss) of the main activity- the fiscal result coming from the main activity of the company, it can occur in the form of any forms and varieties, ratified in the company’s charter and not contradicting legislative acts.

The fiscal result is formed separately according to each type of company activity related to the sale of products, execution of work, and provision of services.

It is calculated as the delta of revenue from the sale of products at current prices and the costs of their production and sale.

Pr = Bp - S/s ,

Where Bp- proceeds from sales;
S/s- cost (production and sales costs).

Revenue is calculated without taking into account VAT and excise taxes, which, being indirect taxes, go to the state budget. It also does not include allowances (discounts) provided to dealer and supply companies that participate in the sale of goods.

When recording profits, export companies do not include export duties that go to the country's budget.

2) Profit (or loss) from auxiliary activities– this includes the sale of assets, operating, non-operating and extraordinary income and expenses.

Companies can make a profit or loss that is not related to the sale of goods, works and services. It also includes profit or loss from other sales, namely from the sale of business assets.

For example, a company can sell fixed assets or funds, intangible assets, materials, work in progress, securities, and so on.

In addition to profits and losses from other sales (from the sale of property), enterprises also receive non-operating financial results that are not associated with either the sale of goods or the sale of property.

Difference between profit and revenue

Count. Revenue, by definition, cannot be less than or equal to zero, but if it is lower, then it means its complete absence. Unlike revenue, profit can have both positive and negative values.
Structure. To calculate revenue, it is sufficient to determine the amount of all funds that an individual or legal entity received over a certain period of time. In the case of calculating profits, everything is much more complicated, because first you need to know the amount of all funds received and costs.
Real expression. In the case of revenue, it may be “in absentia”, for example, if the company allows deferred payment, giving its customers the opportunity to pay a little later. In the case of profit, such a calculation is inappropriate, because it is calculated only upon payment, when the money is either received in person or into a bank account.
Expression. Revenue is a single-digit value, because it consists of the amount of receipts. In turn, profit can have several meanings - be it gross (total) or net (with mandatory payments paid).

Thus, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of revenue and profit, since they have different semantic and economic meanings.

Do you think the entrepreneur’s assets and liabilities matched, and what would the tax authorities say to this?

Revenue, income and gross profit

Revenue– the volume of funds received from the sale of goods, works, and services. It can be determined by the “shipment” method, that is, at the time of actual shipment of goods or provision of services, or it can be determined by the “cash” method, that is, at the time of receipt of payment. In addition to funds received directly from the sale of goods and services, it may also include proceeds from the sale of valuable assets and other income.

In accordance with the accounting regulations " income An organization recognizes an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash, other property) and (or) repayment of liabilities, leading to an increase in the capital of this organization, with the exception of contributions from participants (owners of property).”

Revenue is an indicator of financial well-being and the starting point for calculating the profit of an enterprise. It can be zero or positive, but never negative.

In any case, revenue, income, and turnover are “gross” characteristics that do not take into account the costs (expenses) of the company.

Gross profit equal to the difference between revenue and expenses (costs) for the main activity (cost of goods or services sold). The financial result, which takes into account expenses in all areas of the company's activities, is called net profit (positive financial result) or net loss (negative).

Company turnover, trade turnover and revenue

Confusion often arises in the concepts of “turnover” and “turnover”. We have already found out that turnover companies are the money that a business has, a term that refers to economics. Trade turnover is a concept from the field of accounting; it denotes the amount of funds received from the sale of goods or services.

Trade turnover should be distinguished from revenue - in addition to direct income from trade, it may include other types of income and income from the sale of property. Thus, revenue can be either greater than turnover or equal to it.

It also matters whether you calculate revenue on an accrual or cash basis. As mentioned earlier, in the first case, income or expenses are taken into account in the period to which they relate, in the second - when they are directly paid. If the sale is made in installments or deferred payment, then, in the case of cash settlement, revenue and turnover may also differ.

The difference between profit and turnover

If there is nothing wrong with calling revenue turnover, then distinguishing profit from turnover is very important, for example, so as not to overpay income tax.

Thus, the concept of “turnover” characterizes how much funds the company has in principle, and profit is how much money the company can invest in its own development.

The difference between an expense and a loss

Expenses are all the money a company spends to produce and sell its product. These include material costs, salaries and other payments to employees, expenses for repairs of equipment and premises, rent, and taxes.

When expenses exceed a company's income, a loss occurs.