Industrial society at the beginning of the twentieth century. Presentation on the topic "Industrial countries in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries" Social consequences of industrialization
Detailed solution to paragraph § 1 on history for 9th grade students, authors Soroko-Tsyupa O.S., Soroko-Tsyupa A.O. 2016
- Gdz workbook on History for grade 9 can be found
1. Name the reasons for the most important changes in economic development at the beginning of the 20th century.
1. Completion of the creation of a world trade and postal system.
2. The second industrial and technological revolution is the accelerated development of new branches of industrial production, new equipment and technology.
3. An increase in the number of people employed in industry and a reduction in workers in agricultural production.
4. Rapid development of mechanical engineering, including the automotive, electrical and petrochemical industries.
5. Competition, which contributed to the introduction of new technologies.
2. Which countries reached technological maturity by the beginning of the 20th century, and which at the same time embarked on the path of accelerated industrialization?
The UK, Germany, France, USA, and Belgium have reached technological maturity.
Russia, Sweden, Italy, part of Austria-Hungary, Canada, and Japan took the path of accelerated industrialization.
3. How did the processes of increasing employment in industry take place in different countries?
The number of people employed in industry in the UK, and then in the USA and Germany, already at the beginning of the 20th century. exceeded the number of workers in agriculture. Great Britain was ahead of everyone - 9% of the population was employed in agriculture in 1911. This most important indicator of the degree of industrialization of a country was different for France and Italy, where the majority of the population continued to work in agriculture (43% of the population in France). About 80% of the Russian population lived by agricultural labor.
4. Why at the beginning of the 20th century. Did the cities grow quickly?
The development of industry required a large number of workers. An outflow of population from rural areas to cities began to occur.
5. Name the main features of the development of industrial society. Discuss which ones were the most important and how they were related to each other.
The beginning of mass production of industrial goods, the concentration of production and capital, the strengthening of the regulatory role of the state in the economy and especially the expansion of the social functions of the state became the most important features of the development of industrial society at the beginning of the century.
The development of industry contributed to urbanization. Competition contributed to the development and introduction of new technologies. The main consumers of industrial goods were city residents. To meet demand, mass production of industrial goods begins. Mass production led to the concentration of production, resulting in the production of standardized, uniform products. Large banks served industrial enterprises that needed investment. Government regulation arose as a result of the concentration of production: the heads of corporations and trusts artificially inflated prices and limited competition in order to obtain greater profits. The state, by adopting appropriate laws, begins to regulate relations in the economy and participate in resolving conflicts between workers and employers.
6. How did mass industrial production change the way of life and living conditions of people at the beginning of the 20th century?
Gas stoves appeared in workers' homes in England, elevators appeared in multi-story buildings, and the production of sewing and typewriters became widespread. Telephones appear not only in offices, but also in apartments; there are already millions of them in the USA. America was in the throes of a skyscraper construction boom. In London, New York, Boston, Paris, Budapest and other large cities, the subway is becoming a popular mode of transport. Newspapers are published in millions of copies. More and more trams and cars appear on the streets, already illuminated by electric lamps. During the First World War, the annual production of automobiles was already measured in the millions.
7. What are the causes of concentration processes in the economy? How did they proceed in different countries?
The concentration of production was caused by competition, the concentration of capital by the need to finance developing industry.
Concentration proceeded at different rates in different countries and took different forms. In the USA, these were corporations and trusts that controlled a significant part of coal, oil, and steel production. Within the framework of the trust, individual enterprises were united, which became holders of part of the shares of a single trust. This is how the concentration of industrial capital occurred. In European countries, and primarily in Germany, concentration in the economy took the form of the creation of coordinating structures that determined the general rules of behavior in the market - syndicates and cartels. Syndicates provided opportunities, first of all, for marketing similar products from a large number of different enterprises.
At the beginning of the 20th century. processes of concentration of banking capital have intensified. Giant joint-stock banks emerged, capable of serving the largest enterprises.
A real boom in the creation of large joint stock companies began. About a third of all businesses in the United States were publicly traded companies. The stock exchange, where shares of enterprises were sold and bought, became a regulator of economic development.
8. What brought antimonopoly (antitrust) policy to life? What are its goals?
Some trusts began to arbitrarily inflate the prices of their goods or services. Collusive prices limited competition.
Antitrust laws were passed in the United States. As a result, a number of trusts were dissolved, including Rockefeller's giant oil trust, the Standard Oil Company, in 1911. Railroad tariffs could not be raised above the limit that was now set by the government. US antitrust law was intended to regulate competition, create opportunities for competition between large corporations, and allow new suppliers to enter the market.
9. Why did the role of the state in the economy increase at the beginning of the 20th century? What are the main directions of government regulation?
By the beginning of the 20th century, the private economic version of market self-regulation had exhausted itself. The ideas of classical liberalism about state non-intervention in the economy had to be left to the past era. Gradually (from the end of the 19th century) a mixed market-state economy began to take shape.
With the assistance or active participation of the state, the infrastructure of an industrial society was formed, i.e. those basic systems that provide all sectors of the economy and the very living conditions of society: the transport system - roads, the financial system - a stable national currency, the energy system - electricity production, the social system - social insurance, education, medicine, etc. Antimonopoly legislation and environmental protection are becoming an important area of government regulation.
The state, through the adoption of laws and the creation of special government bodies, began to actively regulate economic relations, establishing rules of behavior in the market for commercial banks and corporations, small businesses and individual enterprises, suppliers and consumers. The state begins to actively participate in resolving specific labor conflicts between striking workers and capitalists. Thus, government regulation becomes one of the most important factors in the development of a capitalist economy.
10. Tell us about the main directions of social reforms at the beginning of the 20th century.
By 1914, all European countries had adopted laws on compensation for industrial injuries, various insurance and welfare systems (for illness, disability, etc.). A system of helping the poor began to take shape. An 8-hour working day was introduced for certain categories of workers (in the UK - for miners working night shifts). In many European countries, at the beginning of the century, child labor was banned and laws were passed on old-age pensions for workers. However, the age for receiving pensions was set high - from 70 years, in France - from 65 years. Pension insurance for the entire population of the country was introduced in 1913 only in Sweden. In the United States, reforms limiting the work of women and children and establishing an 8-hour working day were effective only in some states.
An important direction in the social policy of industrial countries has become the development of education, science, and healthcare. In countries with Catholic traditions, primarily France, Italy, and Spain, church control over school education was eliminated at the beginning of the century. State compulsory secular school with free breakfasts has become a common phenomenon in developed European countries.
11. What two paths were open to industrial countries at the beginning of the 20th century?
At the beginning of the 20th century. two ways to realize the accumulated economic potential have been identified. One way is social reforms, the redistribution of part of the produced wealth for social purposes to overcome the negative consequences of urbanization, eliminating the contrasts of wealth and poverty, improving the environment, etc. The other way is military and foreign economic expansion, militarization. Germany and Japan chose this path. On the eve of the war, all leading industrial countries (except Sweden, the USA, etc.) were involved in the arms race
UNITY OF THE WORLD AND THE ECONOMY OF THE GREAT POWERS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY.
Questions and tasks for the tables.
1. How did the balance of power between the leading industrial powers change?
By 1913, the leading positions in industrial production began to be occupied by the USA and Germany. They were outperformed by England and France, whose production volumes decreased. Russia slightly increased industrial production volumes. Austria-Hungary and Italy remained at the same level.
2. Which countries came out on top in industrial development at the beginning of the 20th century?
USA and Germany.
3. Make a list of countries according to the place they occupied on the eve of the First World War in terms of economic power (in descending order).
USA, Germany, Great Britain, Russia, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan.
4. Which countries began to lag behind in their development?
Great Britain, France. Slightly Italy.
5. In which countries did the population grow at the fastest rate?
USA, Russia,
6. In which countries has population growth slowed?
Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan.
1. Name the main reasons for the formation of a unified world economy and world trade at the beginning of the 20th century.
1. Formation of the world trade system.
2. Export of capital.
3. Effect of the gold standard.
4. The emergence of new means of communication.
2. Why did industrial countries, in addition to the export of goods, begin the widespread export of capital?
The emergence of enterprise branches in other countries contributed to the expansion of the sales market for manufactured goods. And cash loans to other states increased the capital of creditors.
3. What reasons led to the breakthrough in the economic development of the United States at the beginning of the 20th century?
1. A large and growing domestic market, which created conditions for a constant increase in the production of industrial and agricultural goods.
2. Baby boom and a huge influx of population from overseas.
3. Lack of traditions of omnipotence of officials and strict regulation of economic and social life.
4. The established tradition of the population’s involvement in everything that happens - from the construction of roads and housing to the formation of local government structures and their powers.
4. Highlight the main factors that contributed to the rapid economic growth in Germany.
1. The unification of the country, which led to the formation of a large domestic market.
2. The population grew rapidly.
3. Annexation of Alsace and Lorraine, rich in iron ore.
4. A course towards militarization and an order from the state for the production of weapons.
5. The absence of colonies, which forced us to focus on the development of the domestic market.
6. Patriotic enthusiasm, hard work, discipline.
5. Why did Great Britain begin to lag behind the growing power of Germany at the beginning of the 20th century? What hindered and what helped the development of the British economy?
The British economy depended on the resources of the colonial empire and its internal market. The accumulated capital was directed to export, rather than to industrial development. As well as the entry of cheaper goods from abroad into the domestic market, the country’s economy lags behind. Germany focused on developing its domestic market.
However, the presence of colonies provided access to natural resources, which fueled the British economy. Also, the presence of a strong currency contributed to the export of capital. The British economy was built on extensive links with overseas markets.
6. Name the reasons for the lack of dynamism in the French economy at the beginning of the 20th century. Discuss which ones were the most important.
The main reasons for France's lag were caused by the specifics of its economic development. France at the beginning of the 20th century. was a country of small owners in town and country. The predominance of the agricultural population and the slow pace of formation of a wide layer of buyers of mass goods - city residents - affected economic development. The narrowness of the domestic market was obvious. At the same time, large banking capital, which had a long tradition in France, was separated from industrial capital. Industrialists were guided by the slogan “Produce little, but produce dearly.” And bankers preferred to invest money abroad in the form of loans to the governments of various countries, including Russia. Such investments were considered more reliable compared to capital investments in production.
7. How did the economic development of Austria-Hungary and Italy differ from other great powers?
Unlike other leading countries in Europe, it was a multinational state. The growth of interethnic contradictions weakened the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Processes of accelerated industrialization began in the Austrian, Czech and partly Hungarian lands. At the same time, stagnation and poverty reigned in the agricultural areas of the Ukrainian, Slovak, Croatian, and Romanian lands. In some rural regions, semi-feudal relations remained.
8. Why from Italy and Austria-Hungary at the beginning of the 20th century. millions of people left?
Differences in the development of regions: In Italy, the southern regions were poorer, in Austria-Hungary - the agricultural areas of the Ukrainian, Slovak, Croatian, Romanian lands. The poverty that reigned in these regions forced people to travel to other countries. In Austria-Hungary, national oppression also contributed to this.
Middle Ages Early Modern Period Modern Period Renaissance Era Beginning of Modern Time XV century. AD The end of the early modern period. XVIII century The end of the New Age. Turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Traditional society Transition from traditional society to industrial Industrial society Modern times Task: draw a timeline.
Early Modern Period Modern Time Modern Time Beginning of Modern Time XV century. AD The end of the early modern period. XVIII century The end of the New Age. Turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Post-industrial society Transition from traditional to industrial society Industrial society
Basic concepts of the topic Traditional society is a society characterized by the predominance of subsistence farming, strict hierarchy and adherence to the traditions of ancestors. Industrial society is a society characterized by mass production of goods, division of labor, mechanization and automation of production
Post-industrial society is a society characterized by the development of energy-saving technologies, the creation of high-tech industries, the informatization of society, the development of science and technology, an increase in the level of education, medicine, and the quality of life of people. Basic concepts Basic concepts
Compare the data given in the table and draw conclusions Year Countries Great Britain USA Germany France Russia Austria-Hungary Italy Japan, 918,513,614,513,214,87,86,86,17,66,86,14,44,74,42,52, 52.4-- approx. 1 Share in global industrial production in % p. 22 w/u
Year Countries Great Britain USA Germany France Russia Austria-Hungary Italy Japan,7441,044,945,662,675,991,997,349,256,064,566,938,338,39,539,7116,8135,6159,3175,142,646,750,85 2,130,032,234,435,139,943,849,151.3 Population in million people. Compare the data in the table and draw conclusions
Echelons of modernization Echelons of modernization 1. Echelon - countries of old capitalism (center), industrial society developed evolutionarily 2. Echelon - countries of young capitalism (middle zone), modernization was carried out through targeted reforms 3. Echelon - countries distant from the center, norms of traditional society and processes prevail modernizations were distributed limitedly 1 Great Britain, France 2 Germany, Italy, the Austrian Empire, USA, Russia 3 Latin America, Spain, Portugal
Main changes in development: Improvement of means of communication between people, nations and states (development of transport (air), the emergence of radio, television, telephones, the international division of labor deepened, the exchange of information, ideas, and cultural values intensified. Population migration accelerated).
Main changes in development: The level of income of the population increased, the length of the working day decreased, work became creative. In developed countries, leisure conditions, access to education, medicine, and participation in social and political life have improved.
Future shock problems or human crisis (fear of the future, a person gets lost in the flow of information, it becomes very difficult to navigate everyday reality). Human crisis manifests itself in different forms. Namely: the rise of mental illness, the study of the future using magic and horoscopes rather than science; the emergence of mass non-traditional movements.
Questions for conversation: 1. What is general history? 2. How does traditional society differ from industrial society? 3. What was the population of the world at the beginning of the 20th century? 4. What are the features of the development of the world at the beginning of the 20th century? 5. What problems did humanity face on the threshold of the 19th-20th centuries?
Independent work New features in economics What does this mean? Acceleration of development The second industrial-technological revolution The formation of an industrial society was completed: The path of accelerated modernization was embarked on: Mass production of industrial goods began The concentration of production and capital increased The concentration of banking capital increased The formation of financial capital The state was forced to pursue an antimonopoly policy
Lesson 2. Industrial society at the beginning of the 20th century
Lesson type: learning new material.
Target: give students an idea of the world of the 20th century, its structure and main problems, characterize the main changes in the socio-economic life of society; develop the ability to compare the state of society in different periods of time, express your own opinion on current issues.
To instill an interest in world history, develop thinking, and cultivate a tolerant attitude towards different points of view of classmates.
Basic concepts: urbanization, trusts, syndicates, investments, infrastructure, militarization.
Equipment: textbook, computer, world map.
During the classes:
Checking homework
Checking the completion of the table given in lesson No. 1
Motivation and actualization.
What is modern history?
What eras is modern history divided into?
What is modernization and how can it take place?
Learning new material.
Generalization and systematization of knowledge
Plan for a new topic.
New industrial era.
Rapid growth of cities and urban populations
Concentration of production and capital
Antimonopoly (antitrust) policy.
Strengthening the role of the state in economic life.
Social reformism at the beginning of the century
Two ways to realize the accumulated economic potential.
New topic.
New industrial era.
At the beginning of the 20th century, a new stage of the industrial era began -second industrial and technological revolution. The peculiarity of development during this period is accelerating change.
In 1903, the first plane took off, and already in 1919 it flew across the Atlantic Ocean. Automotive, electrical and petrochemical industries have become booming new industries. The age of electric and diesel engines, automobiles and airplanes, telephones and telegraphs, and radio has begun.
What is the reason for such rapid changes in economic development?
The rapid and massive introduction of new technologies was due to increased competition not only between enterprises, but also between countries that sought to get ahead of their rivals.
By the beginning of the First World War, for several leading industrial countries, the accelerated development of heavy industry as the basis of industrialization ended.
Technological maturity at the beginning of the 20th century. reached several advanced countries - Great Britain, Germany, France, USA, Belgium.
We have embarked on the path of accelerated industrialization Russia, Sweden, Italy, part of Austria-Hungary, Canada, Japan .
The rest of the countries industrialized lagging behind, this was called ≪ catch-up development≫ .
Rapid growth of cities and urban populations
At the beginning of the century, in advanced countries, industrial production already prevailed over agricultural production.
Processan increase in employment in industry and a reduction in workers in agriculture was characteristic of all countries in which the formation of an industrial society took place.
As the urban population increased rapidly, the number of cities also increased. In 1880 in Europe there were 8 cities with a population of over 1.5 million people, and in 1914 their number increased to 29.
Rapid urban growthat the beginning of the 20th century. ( urbanization) occurred because there was a huge outflow of population from the villages to the cities. People from the villages joined the ranks of the workers.
At the beginning of the 20th century. mass production of industrial goods begins. Previously, only the production of food and clothing was massive. At the beginning of the century, continuous production and the first conveyor lines appeared. The first automobile production line was launched by Henry Ford in 1914. The very nature of work has changed: it becomes monotonous and exhausting.
The most important features of the development of industrial society was the beginning of mass production of industrial goods, the concentration of production and capital, the strengthening of the regulatory role of the state in the economy and especially expansion of the social functions of the state.
Mass industrial productionchanged the way of life and living conditions of people. Gas stoves appeared in workers' homes in England, elevators appeared in multi-story buildings, and the production of sewing and typewriters became widespread. Telephones appear not only in offices, but also in apartments.
America was in the grip of a construction boom skyscrapers. In London, New York, Boston, Paris, Budapest and other large cities, metro. Published in millions of copies newspapers. On streets already illuminated by electric lamps, more and more trams and cars.
Concentration of production and capital
At the beginning of the 20th century. processes of concentration of production and capital intensified. The consolidation of industrial enterprises, up to their merger and centralized management, met the challenges of mass production of standard, similar products.
In the USA it wascorporations and trusts,in Germany syndicates and cartels.
Trusts, corporations- unification of small enterprises into a single whole.
Syndicates, cartels– joint marketing of similar products from a large number of independent enterprises.
At the beginning of the 20th century. concentration processes have intensified bank capital. Giant ones appeared joint stock banks capable of serving the largest enterprises that required large investment- investments in production.
The merger of industrial and banking capital led to the formation financial capital. Banks no longer simply provided loans to enterprises, but also became holders of stakes in enterprises and participated in production management. This is how it was formed financial capital.
Antimonopoly (antitrust) policy.
The processes of concentration in the economy were accompanied by attempts set collusive prices, limit competition and generate additional income.
Antimonopoly legislation was created to regulate competition, creating opportunities for competition between large corporations, as well as allowing new suppliers to enter the market.
Strengthening the role of the state in economic life.
By the beginning of the 20th century, the private-economic option of market self-regulation had exhausted itself. Gradually (from the end of the 19th century) a mixed market-state economy. With the assistance or active participation of the state, it was formed infrastructure of industrial society, i.e. basic systems,
transport system - roads,
financial system - stable national currency,
energy system - electricity production,
social system - social insurance, education, medicine.
State,through the adoption of laws and the creation of special government bodies, it began to actively regulate economic relations, establishing rules of conduct in the market for commercial banks and corporations, small businesses and individual enterprises, suppliers and consumers.
Thus, government regulation becomes one of the most important factors development of the capitalist economy.
Social reformism at the beginning of the century
The state begins to actively participate in resolving specific labor conflicts between striking workers and capitalists.
Germany became the initiator of social reforms. In the 1880s. Bismarck's government began to implement the plan social insurance. By 1914, all European countries had passed laws on compensation for industrial injuries, various insurance and welfare systems(due to illness, disability, etc.). Was introduced 8 hour work day for certain categories of workers. In many European countries at the beginning of the century there was child labor prohibited, were accepted old age pension laws for workers. State mandatory secular school with free breakfasts has become a common phenomenon in developed countries in Europe.
Major social reforms at the beginning of the 20th century.Social insurance in case of injury, disability, prohibition of child labor, old-age pensions, 8-hour working day, creation of state compulsory schools.
Two ways to realize the accumulated economic potential.
At the beginning of the 20th century. two ways to realize the accumulated economic potential have been identified.
One way - social reforms,
(Redistribution of part of the produced wealth for social purposes to overcome the negative consequences of urbanization, eliminate the contrasts of wealth and poverty, and improve the environment)
Another way is militarization
(Preparation for war. This path was chosen by Germany and Japan).
Generalization and systematization of knowledge, skills and abilities.
Questions for conversation:
Name the main features of the development of industrial society.
Which countries reached technological maturity by the beginning of the 20th century, and which at the same time embarked on the path of accelerated industrialization?
What two ways were possible for countries to realize their accumulated economic potential?
Summing up the lesson.
In this lesson, we got acquainted with the second stage of the industrial and technological revolution, learned its causes and consequences, both economically and socially.
Homework:
textbook: § 1. Industrial society at the beginning of the 20th century, read pp. 8-16.
In your notebook, answer questions No. 1,4,6,8 on page 16 of the textbook in writing.
Industrial revolution XVIII-XIX centuries.Co
second half of the 18th century in the socio-economic field of development of countries
Western Europe and the USA were created
all conditions for starting industrial
revolution.
Great value to start with
industrial revolution had
results of the agricultural revolution
Industrialization, which spanned from the end of the 18th to the 19th centuries. throughout Europe, developed extremely unevenly and had its own characteristics in each region.
The Industrial Revolution began inEngland in the 60s. XVIII century, at the end of the XVIII -
first half of the 19th century her steel
call it "workshop of the world"
Industrial development of the 19th century.
characterized by expansion
machine production, transmission
technological knowledge, commercial
and financial experience from England to others
European countries and the USA.
Belgium
richcoal and ore reserves;
large shopping centers (Ghent, Liege,
Antwerp, etc.) flourished thanks to
convenient geographical location
between France and Germany
ban on the import of British goods during
Napoleonic wars
Independent existence of Belgium since
1831 favored its acceleration
industrial development
France
technologicalinnovations penetrated,
primarily in large industrial
centers
banks and financial institutions are actively
invested their capital in construction
new businesses and improvement
technologies
Germany
obstaclefor the process
industrialization in Germany was
political fragmentation of this
countries (unification of German states into
1871)
Largest industrial areas
Germany (Ruhr region, river valley
Wupper)
Industrialization in Austria-Hungary, Italy, Spain affected only certain regions, without having a significant impact on the economic situation
USA
industrial production begins to developat a particularly fast pace since the 40s. 19th century
the constantly increasing size of the country (by 1848
The borders of the United States extended from the Atlantic to
Pacific Ocean) contributed to the rapid development
means of communication
constant influx of cheap labor -
emigrants from Europe and Asia
In general, the industrial development of the United States took place
at the fastest pace since the second half
XIX century, when internal
socio-political contradictions (conflict
southern and northern states).
Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
Social (formation of two mainclasses of industrial society:
industrial bourgeoisie and wage workers)
Political (Character has changed
relationships between industrialists and
state power. Capitalists have already
was not satisfied only by the fact of accounting for his
interests of the state - they gradually
begin to openly claim power)
Economic (overproduction crises)
By the end of the 70s. XIX century the most developed countries of continental Europe (France, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland) have caught up with the UK in terms of basics
seriousEngland's rival
the European market was Germany
England were serious competition
and the USA, which actively introduced new
technologies
Rapid development of industry
begins to demand additional
markets for European goods Crises of overproduction, which had
cyclical in nature, towards the end of the 19th century
are becoming more serious and
long lasting. Gradually depleted and
European raw material base
industry. All this encourages
the most developed industrial
countries to seize colonies.
Objects of colonial expansion
became the least developed areas
world (Africa, Asia, Oceania). Crises
overproduction
cyclic and
longer
Depleted and
raw material base
European
industry
Capturing Colonies
industrially
developed
countries
Age of Imperialism
TOend of the 19th century entire
colonial empires (largest
British)
Conclusion:
By the end of the 19th century, it had generally endedthe process of becoming industrial
capitalist society in
Western and Central Europe and
North America.
At the end of the 19th century. finally
a system of world
farms Industrialization contributed
profound revolution in development
world civilization. She touched everything
without excluding spheres of social life,
deciding and, at the same time, giving birth
many problems - Second half
The 19th century was a time of dominance
optimistic mood in
European society. Europeans
believed in progress, in omnipotence
technology and human genius and with
looked confidently into the future.
New period of industrialization
A characteristic feature of the development of the 20th century isaccelerating change.
Essence
Causes
Peculiarities
Second industrial and technological revolution
EssenceAccelerated development of new industries
industrial production, new technology and
technologies (mechanical engineering, automotive
industry, electrical engineering,
petrochemical).
Causes
Promotion opportunities exhausted
production efficiency within the framework of previous
scientific and technical principles (first of all,
the use of steam engines, coal as a type
fuel).
Fundamental discoveries and inventions.
Features RAPID implementation of new scientific achievements and
technology, development of new industries
industry
Echelons of modernization
Countries"catching up"
development"
(Russia, Sweden,
Italy, part
Austria-Hungary,
Canada, Japan)
3rd echelon
2nd echelon
1st echelon
Countries
advanced,
industrial
(Great Britain,
Germany,
France, USA,
Belgium)
Traditional
countries (countries
East,
Latin
America,
Africa)
Characteristic processes in countries with an industrial society:
agriculturalbecomes a branch of industrial
production thanks to the use
new technology. Fertilizers,
agrotechnical methods;
increase in the number of workers employed in
industry;
reduction in the number of workers employed in
agricultural production;
growth in the number of workers employed in the field
services;
rapid growth of cities and urban
population (urbanization)
Main features of industrial society:
Startmass
production
industrial
goods
Concentration Enhancement
Extension
production and regulatory
social functions
capital
the role of the state state
in economics
Conveyor
Ford.
Intensification
labor.
Change of life
and living conditions
of people
Opportunity
provide
development and
implementation
new
technologies,
exit from
crisis
situations by
associations.
Steel foundry
Morgan Trust.
Boom of large joint-stock companies
Antimonopoly
(antitrust)
policy.
Formation
infrastructure
industrial
society. Security
nature.
Compensation laws
for production
injuries, various
insurance systems,
mutual assistance.
8 hour work day
for individual categories
workers, ban on children
labor, pensions
old age. Development
education, science,
healthcare.
Ways to realize the accumulated economic potential
EXPANSION - (from lat.expansio distribution)
expansion of scope
domination, influence,
spreading something
beyond the original limits
Social reforms (e.g. territorial,
redistribution of the economic part,
expansion)
wealth producedpolitical
on
social purposes for
Military and military overcoming negative
economic expansion,
consequences of urbanization,
militarization
eliminating contrasts
wealth and poverty,
MILITARIZATION [fr. militarization
improvement of the environment
< лат. mīlitāris военный]. Подчинение
environment
economic, political and
public life of the country military
goals.
The formation of a single world economy at the beginning of the 20th century.
Exportcapital
1. Development
world
trade
International movement
entrepreneurial
capital
Government loans
gold standard
(free currency exchange for
gold)
2. Mass migration
population
Uneven economic development
USAGermany
Great Britain
France
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Stormy
economic
development: growing
domestic market,
population growth, boom
fertility,
immigration from
countries of Europe, Asia
and L. America;
lack of traditions
omnipotence
officials and
tough
regulation
economic and
public
life, tradition
involvement
population to everything
what's happening,
formation
civil
society
Significant
interior
market after
associations,
population growth,
accession
Alsace and
Lorraine;
state
orders,
militarization
countries,
patriotic
climb,
hard work
Export
capital in
form
governments
special
loans,
maritime
power, strength and
weaknessempire
Narrowness
internal
market,
bank
capital is torn off
from industry, class
rentier
"Patchwork
empire":
Interethnic
contradictions,
unevenness
development,
emigration
Import
industrial
nykh
goods and
raw materials, two
region:
industrial
ny North
and rural
South;
massive
emigration
(V
mainly in