Economic development of China at the beginning of the 21st century - sociological analysis. I Socio-economic development of China at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries Problems of the Chinese economy

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Presentation on the topic: China at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries

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China is a country of the most ancient civilization, maintaining continuity for more than 3 thousand years. Its population is about 1/5 of all the inhabitants of the Earth. Entering the 20th century. a semi-colony of leading powers, by the end of the century China had become one of the most influential and dynamically developing countries in the world.

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The Chinese Civil War ended in Communist victory. October 1, 1949 The People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed. The remnants of the Kuomintang troops retreated under the cover of the American fleet to the island of Taiwan. The PRC government was headed by Mao Zedong. The political regime that established itself in China began to be called the “democratic dictatorship of the people.” Agrarian reform began in the country. The lands of landowners, monasteries, owners who did not cultivate them themselves, as well as the livestock and equipment that belonged to them, were distributed among the peasants. Land, forests, etc. became the property of the state. Particular attention was paid to the development of the education system, the construction of railways, and heavy industry enterprises. Then the leadership of the PRC set a course for building socialism following the example of the USSR and embarked on the path of creating collective farms in the countryside. Industrial enterprises and banks were nationalized, and the economy almost completely came under state control.

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In 1950, a Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance was signed between China and the USSR. In the second half of the 1950s. Relations between the USSR and China gradually began to deteriorate. This was partly due to the debunking of the personality cult of I.V. Stalin at the XX Congress of the CPSU (1956). Mao Zedong believed that the CPSU did not have the right to single-handedly evaluate the activities of Stalin, the leader of the entire communist movement. Discontent was also caused by the USSR's refusal to transfer technology for the production of nuclear weapons to China. Visit of N.S. Khrushchev in the USA (1959) was perceived as a betrayal of the interests of the PRC. Mao Zedong saw the United States as the main enemy of China, since the Americans did not recognize the PRC and continued to consider the Kuomintang regime in Taiwan the only legitimate representative of the Chinese people. In 1971, the PRC normalized relations with the United States, which recognized Taiwan as its integral part. China's representative took his seat on the UN Security Council, which previously belonged to Taiwan. To strengthen its influence in the international arena, China began to support the communist movement in other countries in Asia and Africa, pushing them to choose the Chinese model of socialism.

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On the basis of the socialization of all peasant property, agrarian communes were created, and an equal distribution of production was introduced. Under pain of punishment, workers were obliged to work with full effort with a minimum supply of food, which meant transferring the country to a barracks situation. Communes were required to produce not only agricultural but also industrial products. All over China, primitive furnaces for smelting iron were created. True, the low quality excluded the possibility of its further use. Because of this rhythm, China faced the problem of famine, which killed millions of people. Famine and decline in industrial production were accompanied by the militarization of the country.

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In 1981, market reforms began in China. Their ideological inspirer was Deng Xiaoping. The reforms were aimed at obtaining a specific result in the near future. That is why they were called “pragmatic”. Communes were liquidated. The peasantry was given the opportunity to sell the surplus produced on the free market. The size of the armed forces was reduced, and the main task became the production of consumer goods. Foreign capital was attracted to modernization. Free economic zones were created, on the territory of which taxes and customs tariffs were reduced. Enterprises were given significant economic independence. The development of the cooperative and private sectors in production, trade and services was allowed. At the same time, the Chinese Communist Party retained its leading role in political life.

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Political stability, combined with an economy open to foreign investors, has made China one of the most dynamically developing countries in the world. Average annual growth rates of GDP per capita in China in the 1980s – 2000s. were the most stable and highest in the world - about 10%. China fully meets its food needs. China has mastered the production of products based on information technology. It became the third space power after Russia and the United States, independently launching a spacecraft with a man on board in 2003. There are plans to build a Chinese orbital station and base on the Moon. According to many estimates, China in the middle of the 21st century. Will be able to compete on equal terms with the United States.

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With the beginning of reforms, China began to pursue a balanced foreign policy, that is, to avoid conflicts with neighbors and maintain trade and economic relations with all countries of the world. In recent years, the PRC has been rapidly developing trade and economic cooperation with countries in Africa and Latin America. Particular importance is attached to rapprochement with Venezuela, whose leadership declares its commitment to socialism. In 2001, the Russian-Chinese Treaty of Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation was signed. The parties renounced the use of force against each other, pledging to consult in the event of a threat to peace. In 2004, Russia and China reached a compromise on controversial issues regarding the border line. China has become one of the leading buyers of Russian military equipment and technology. Many Chinese entrepreneurs are active in economic activity in the CIS countries, especially in Russia.

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Since 1977, Deng Xiaoping led the moderate faction and began work on the “four modernization” program, which was to strengthen industry, agriculture, science and defense. Since 1994, China's national currency, the yuan, has acquired a fixed exchange rate. At present, China is a huge country with great economic, social and political prospects.

The world's most populous country and second-largest economy continues to rapidly grow and develop in the 21st century, and Chinese technology has already penetrated all areas of the global economy and production. On the other hand, this is a unique country with a culture far from us, where one can feel an atmosphere of calm and regularity in the flow of life. It is believed that this is the only civilization where the physical type of the population did not change for 5,000 years.

This issue presents interesting photographs from everyday life in modern China in the 21st century.

Modern youth of China against the backdrop of new shopping and office complexes in Beijing, July 17, 2013. In China, according to the UN, about 12% of the country's 1.3 billion people still live on less than $1.25 a day. This is about poverty.

Chinese inventor Tao and his homemade remote-controlled humanoid robot, Beijing, August 8, 2013. Tao completed his creation in less than a year, spending about $49,040. The robot, 2.1 meters tall and weighing 480 kg, turned out to be too tall and heavy to even leave the door of the inventor's house. But he can perform simple movements with his arms and legs, and also imitate the human voice.

On October 1, 1997, the Qin Shi Huangdi Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum was opened. The open-air museum complex has become the largest historical museum on the planet.

Qin Shi Huang is one of the most brutal rulers of China. While still alive, he gave the order to begin construction of the tomb. The emperor ordered about 4,000 soldiers to be buried with him, but then changed his mind and thus a terracotta army appeared, called upon to protect him in the afterlife. This army, which is 2,200 years old, has 8,000 warriors, 300 horses and 200 chariots.

In 1974, local peasants digging a well made the discovery of the century: the legendary terracotta army of the first emperor of China, Qing Shi Huang, was accidentally found: 7,000 warriors made of baked clay guarded the peace of their monarch. Scientists called the discovery the eighth wonder of the world.

The Oriental Pearl Tower is considered one of the most famous landmarks of modern Shanghai. It is the tallest TV tower in Asia (468 meters high) and the tenth tallest in the world. September 2, 2013.

The 18-meter Rubber Duck was created by Dutch artist Florentijn Hofman and has been traveling around the world since 2007 as a message of peace and solidarity. On September 6, 2013, she was in Beijing.

On July 22, 2013, an earthquake of magnitude 6.6 occurred in the Chinese province of Gansu, in the central part of the country.

The aftermath of another earthquake in Chamdo Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, on August 13, 2013. 45,000 houses were damaged, as well as several roads and bridges. The military is clearing the rubble.

Lightning over the horizon in the financial district of Shanghai, August 4, 2013. Shanghai is the first most populous city in the world (23.8 million people in 2012).

Beaver art installation made of plastic and approximately 300,000 quills.

Another example of respect for property rights. A new business center was supposed to be built here, but the owner refused to move, citing insufficient compensation. So she has been living here for a year without light or heat. In Russia, they would solve the problem of building a business center in 24 hours: they would bring in bulldozers and raze the house to the ground.

"Everyday life" in Chinese. The man on the left held his mother hostage for 24 hours and threatened to kill himself. On the right is a plainclothes policeman. After some time, the criminal was detained. His motives are unclear, August 26, 2013.

Copying is in the Chinese blood. The Eiffel Tower graces the local ghost town. Construction of Tianducheng City began in 2007. At the same time, a copy of the Eiffel Tower with a height of 108 m was built. The settlement can accommodate 10 thousand inhabitants. It was founded to attract wealthy Chinese citizens for whom French wine, handbags and vacations were an expression of a certain status. So far, the new city has not been so successful in this and has joined the ranks of the so-called ghost towns in China.

A look at the ghost town of Tianducheng and a replica of the Eiffel Tower in Zhejiang province from the other side, August 1, 2013.

A truck carrying pigs overturns on a highway in Fuzhou, Fujian province, on August 5, 2013. The pig is being dragged back to prevent it from escaping.

The launch of a launch vehicle from the launch pad of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in Gansu Province, June 11, 2013. Long March-2F is a launch vehicle of the People's Republic of China, designed to carry out manned launches of the Shenzhou spacecraft.

A crane lifts up a part from the Shanghai Tower, a super-tall building under construction in the Pudong district of Shanghai, China. When completed in 2014, it is expected to be the tallest building in Shanghai, the first tallest in China and the third-tallest free-standing structure in the world.

A rescuer drops a box of drinking water from a helicopter. Flooded areas in Shantou, Guangdong province, hit by floods on August 21, 2013.

A KFC employee earns good money - approximately $2.28 per hour. KFC is an American chain of catering cafes specializing in chicken dishes. It was founded in 1952. Today, the KFC chain is represented in 110 countries around the world - that's more than 16,000 outlets, which serve about 12,000,000 customers daily.

A private villa in the shape of a mountain rock on the roof of a 26-story residential building in Beijing, August 13, 2013.

A piece of clear sky on a cloudy day. This poster was specially installed in Hong Kong so that tourists could take pictures here on a rainy day, August 30, 2013.

In the northwestern part of Hunan Province in China there is an interesting place - Zhangjiajie National Park, created in 1982. 480,000 sq.m. subtropical forests, where you can see various species of plants, birds and animals, almost all of which are listed in the Red Book. The mountains are also a picturesque sight with huge rock pillars above the rainforest, waterfalls, a giant cave system and rivers suitable for rafting.

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Introductory part. USSR and China: from alliance to confrontation. Domestic policy China is on the path of reform. Chinese foreign policy. Conclusion.

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Introductory part.

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USSR and China: from alliance to confrontation.

The Chinese Civil War ended in Communist victory. October 1, 1949 The People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed. The remnants of the Kuomintang troops retreated under the cover of the American fleet to the island of Taiwan. The government of the People's Republic of China was headed by Mao Zedong. The political regime that established itself in China began to be called the “democratic dictatorship of the people.” Agrarian reform began in the country. The lands of landowners, monasteries, and owners who did not cultivate them themselves, as well as the livestock and equipment that belonged to them, were distributed among the peasants. Land, forests, etc. became the property of the state. Particular attention was paid to the development of the education system, the construction of railways, and heavy industry enterprises. Then the leadership of the PRC set a course for building socialism following the example of the USSR and embarked on the path of creating collective farms in the countryside. Industrial enterprises and banks were nationalized, and the economy almost completely came under state control.

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In 1950, the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance was signed between China and the USSR. In the second half of the 1950s. Relations between the USSR and China gradually began to deteriorate. This was partly due to the debunking of the personality cult of I.V. Stalin at the XX Congress of the CPSU (1956). Mao Zedong believed that the CPSU did not have the right to single-handedly evaluate the activities of Stalin, the leader of the entire communist movement. Discontent was also caused by the USSR's refusal to transfer technology for the production of nuclear weapons to China. Visit of N.S. Khrushchev in the USA (1959) was perceived as a betrayal of the interests of the PRC. Mao Zedong saw the United States as the main enemy of China, since the Americans did not recognize the PRC and continued to consider the Kuomintang regime in Taiwan the only legitimate representative of the Chinese people. In 1971, the PRC normalized relations with the United States, which recognized Taiwan as its integral part. China's representative took his seat on the UN Security Council, which previously belonged to Taiwan. To strengthen its influence in the international arena, China began to support the communist movement in other countries in Asia and Africa, pushing them to choose the Chinese model of socialism.

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Domestic policy.

On the basis of the socialization of all peasant property, agrarian communes were created, and an equal distribution of produced products was introduced. Under pain of punishment, workers were obliged to work with full effort with a minimum supply of food, which meant transferring the country to a barracks situation. Communes were required to produce not only agricultural but also industrial products. All over China, primitive furnaces for smelting iron were created. True, the low quality excluded the possibility of its further use. Because of this rhythm, China faced the problem of famine, which killed millions of people. Famine and decline in industrial production were accompanied by the militarization of the country.

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China is on the path of reform.

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Political stability, combined with an economy open to foreign investors, has made China one of the most dynamically developing countries in the world. Average annual growth rates of GDP per capita in China in the 1980s – 2000s. were the most stable and highest in the world - about 10%. China fully meets its food needs. China has mastered the production of products based on information technology. It became the third space power after Russia and the United States, independently launching a spacecraft with a person on board in 2003. There are plans to build a Chinese orbital station and base on the Moon. According to many estimates, China in the middle of the 21st century. Will be able to compete on equal terms with the United States.

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Chinese foreign policy.

With the beginning of reforms, China began to pursue a balanced foreign policy, that is, to avoid conflicts with its neighbors and maintain trade and economic relations with all countries of the world. In recent years, China has been rapidly developing trade and economic cooperation with countries in Africa and Latin America. Particular importance is attached to rapprochement with Venezuela, whose leadership declares its commitment to socialism. In 2001, the Russian-Chinese Treaty of Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation was signed. The parties renounced the use of force against each other, pledging to consult in the event of a threat to peace. In 2004, Russia and China reached a compromise on controversial issues regarding the border line. China has become one of the leading buyers of Russian military equipment and technology. Many Chinese entrepreneurs are active in economic activity in the CIS countries, especially in Russia.

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Conclusion.

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Officially, the Chinese government pursues an independent and peaceful foreign policy, the main goal of which is to create a strong and powerful united China, protect the country's independence and sovereignty, and create a favorable environment for economic development and openness to the outside world.

China's policy of "peaceful existence" is based on the basic five principles formed in 1954:

Mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity;

Non-aggression;

Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs;

4. Equality and mutual benefit. China officially “firmly adheres to openness to the outside world and actively develops cooperation with all countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit”;

Peaceful coexistence.

Thus, Beijing's official foreign policy position is to maintain a peaceful international environment, renounce any claims to hegemony, promote common development, and defend world peace. Based on these principles, China has established diplomatic relations with 161 countries.

The main directions of China's foreign policy:

1) Development of diplomatic relations between China and the United States. Sino-American relations throughout the 20th century were quite complex and unstable. In the 50s, China opposed American aggression in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, which led to China's subsequent exclusion from the UN Council and the signing of an agreement between the United States and Taiwan on cooperation and joint defense. Relations became even more strained after the American war in Vietnam. Only in 1969 did China and the United States take the first steps towards peace. In 1971, China finally joined the UN. Since that time, there has been a warming in relations between the two powers. In 1972, American President Nixon recognized Taiwan as part of China, and in 1979 the countries officially established diplomatic relations. Relations cooled somewhat after the 1989 uprisings in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, when the West sharply condemned the actions of the Chinese government, but overall this did not weaken economic ties between the two countries.

In October 1995 As part of the 50th anniversary of the UN, Jiang Zemin and Bill Clinton held an official meeting in New York. Jiang Zemin emphasized the basic policy for resolving Sino-US relations on the basis of “deepening trust, reducing friction, developing cooperation and suppressing confrontation.”

2) Normalization and development of relations with India. Relations between India and China became strained as a result of the suppression of an uprising in Tibet by Chinese troops in 1959, after which the Dalai Lama and part of the Tibetan population fled to India, where they found support from the Indian government. The rapprochement of the countries became possible only in 1977, when the countries again exchanged diplomats. Officially, diplomatic relations were established in the early 80s. Although there are still a number of unresolved territorial issues between China and India, India is China’s most important strategic partner, and trade relations between the countries are actively developing.

3) Development of Sino-Japanese relations. For more than 40 years, Japan has been China's main trading partner, but despite this, political relations between the two countries remain difficult and periodically experience periods of tension. The main obstacles to the normalization of political relations between the two countries are the following: the Japanese position regarding Taiwan, China's dissatisfaction with the forms of Japan's apologies for the aggression of 1937-1945, the Japanese prime minister's visit to the temple where the main Japanese war criminals were canonized, differences in the interpretation of history , the growing military power of China, etc. The latest conflict broke out in September 2010, when Japanese authorities detained a Chinese fishing vessel in the disputed waters of the East China Sea, where natural gas deposits were discovered. The conflict was aggravated by the sudden death in a Japanese zoo of a panda loaned by China, for which the Celestial Empire demanded compensation in the amount of $500,000. So far, the territorial dispute remains unresolved, but both states are interested in the peaceful resolution of these conflicts and the development of political and economic relations.

4) China-Russia. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation characterizes Russian-Chinese relations as stable and dynamically developing in all areas. In 2001, the countries signed the Treaty of Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation, which reflects the basic principles of relations. In the same year, China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan founded the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the main objectives of which are to strengthen stability and security, fight terrorism, separatism, extremism, drug trafficking, develop economic cooperation, energy partnership, scientific and cultural interaction . In 2008, all territorial issues, the discussion of which began back in 1964, were finally resolved between China and Russia. Russia recognizes Taiwan and Tibet as an integral part of China.

5) Restoration of territorial integrity. In the 80-90s of the 20th century, during peace negotiations, China regained Hong Kong (Hong Kong) and Macao (Macau). However, there is still an unresolved conflict with Taiwan. In 1949, the Communists, having won the civil war over the government of Chiang Kai-shek, announced the creation of the People's Republic of China. The overthrown government fled to Taiwan, where it established the Kuomintang regime, receiving active support from the United States. China claims sovereignty over the island and does not rule out a forceful solution to the problem. Recognition of Taiwan as an integral part of China is one of the main conditions for the establishment of diplomatic relations between the PRC and other countries. In recent years, with the rise of new leaders in the United States and Taiwan, the possibility of closer and more constructive cooperation between the three parties in the near term has emerged.

The Taiwanese administration has announced a program to intensify economic ties with mainland China while maintaining the political status quo. Last June, a framework agreement was signed between Taiwan and mainland China on economic cooperation, which, in fact, became the starting point for expanding economic and cultural interaction between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait.

According to official data from the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China, trade turnover between mainland China and Taiwan in the first five months of 2011 amounted to 65.86 billion US dollars, an increase of 15.3 percent. exceeds the same indicators of last year. Mainland China's exports to Taiwan reached $14.54 billion, up 30.4 percent. higher than the figures for 2010. Imports from Taiwan to mainland China amounted to $51.32 billion, an increase of 11.6 percent. more than last year. From January to May 2011, more than 1,020 projects involving Taiwanese investment were approved in mainland China. At the same time, investments from Taiwan in the amount of 990 million US dollars have already been invested in specific projects.

The parties are also strengthening humanitarian ties, primarily by increasing tourist travel between the shores of the Taiwan Strait. At the end of June, tourists from mainland China went to Taiwan on private tours for the first time. Over the past three years, it was possible to visit Taiwan with Chinese passports, but only as part of tour groups. Until 2008, when Taipei lifted the ban on tourist exchanges that had been in place since 1949, such trips were generally impossible.

6) Development of relations between China and Africa. Friendly relations between China and African countries have received a new impetus for development in recent years: every year the trade turnover between China and African countries increases several times. China has become Africa's second largest trading partner after the United States and its presence on the continent is growing steadily. Most African countries have already recognized Taiwan as part of China and have severed diplomatic relations with the Taiwanese government. Thus, China not only gained an important trade and strategic partner, but also received additional support on the Taiwan issue. Every three years, since 2000, countries have participated in the China-Africa Cooperation Forum summits, during which social projects on the African continent are also discussed. Every year, more than 15,000 students are sent from African countries to study at Chinese universities.

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GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER EDUCATION

ST. PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY

Basic educational master's program in the field of study 040100 “Sociology”

Profile: "Economic Sociology"

GRADUATE QUALIFICATION WORK

"ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY -- SOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS"

Work completed:

Scientific supervisor:

Doctor of Social Sciences sciences, professor,

Petrov Alexander Viktorovich

Saint Petersburg

Introduction
Chapter 1. Features of economic reforms in China in the last quarter of the 20th - early 21st centuries

1.1 Socio-historical analysis of reforms in China: the creation of a market economy
1.2 Main social problems of economic reforms in China
1.2.1 Imbalance of development in cities and villages

1.2.2 Population aging in China

1.2.3 Environmental pollution

1.3 Conclusion

Chapter 2. Specifics of economic development of the PRC at the beginning of the 21st century

2.1 Economic policy and reforms in the PRC in the first decade of the 21st century: problems and prospects for building a “harmonious society”

2.1.1 Deepening village development
2.1.2 Development and support of e-commerce
2.1.3 Reducing the development gap in different parts of the country
2.2 Ecology as a factor in the economic development of the PRC: modern analysis of the situation and prospects (using the example of the development of the modern agricultural sector)
2.3 Conclusion

Conclusion
References
Introduction
In recent decades, China's economy has flourished in all aspects. China's socio-economic development has attracted worldwide attention. After implementing the reform and opening up policy, the Chinese economy developed rapidly. Special economic zones were created, coastal cities were opened, and the standard of living of the people increased significantly.
The Chinese economy has grown particularly rapidly since China joined the WTO in 2001. Before the end of the 20th century, China can be said to have already achieved comprehensive industrialization and to advance the process of reform and opening up.
However, one cannot but agree that under the influence of economic globalization in the 21st century, China is not experiencing difficulties. The economy is developing rapidly, but many problems arise that urgently require solutions.
Relevance of the research topic is that at the beginning of the 21st century, resolving socio-economic issues became a priority within the framework of the policy of building a harmonious society. The emergence and aggravation of socio-economic problems is closely related to the economic reform carried out since 1978. On the one hand, the program turned out to be unprecedentedly effective: extremely consistently high rates of economic growth were achieved (on average 9.7% for 1979-2014) and real disposable per capita income increased to 18310.8 yuan in 2013 http://www.stats .gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2014/indexch.htm . But on the other hand, the problem of uneven development between cities and villages has become more acute, the gap in the level of development between the eastern and western parts of China has widened, and there has been a serious deterioration in the environmental situation. It can be said that at the beginning of the 21st century, China faces new prospects and difficulties. Against this background, the economic and sociological analysis of China’s development at the beginning of the 21st century is of particular relevance.
Main purpose of the work is to analyze the social aspects of China's economic development at the beginning of the 21st century.
Specific cspruce research is to analyze the socio-economic problems accompanying economic reforms and the implementation of economic policies at the beginning of the 21st century.

The goal is specified in the following tasks:

1. Carry out a socio-historical analysis of reforms in China.
2. Find out the reasons and analyze the current state of development differentiation in cities and villages and the specific problems caused by the imbalance.
3. Define what population aging in China is, as well as the characteristics of population aging in China, analyze the causes of this problem, its impact on the economic development of China.
4. Find out the level and current state of the problem of environmental pollution in China, consider the features of government policy aimed at preserving the environment.
5. Analyze the main directions of economic policy at the beginning of the 21st century, the role of ecology in economic development, features of the implementation of the policy of building an ecological civilization in China.
Object of study are: social changes and social problems accompanying economic reform in China.
Itemohmresearch serve the social condition and prospects for economic development of China at the beginning of the 21st century.
Theoretical-methodollogical foundations of the study: To solve the problems, the work uses a quantitative approach and analysis of statistical data collected by Chinese scientists. In addition, the work used an analysis of Chinese government documents, which reflect the direction and prospects of economic reforms.
Theories underlying the study: Wen Tiejun's theory was used to analyze the development imbalance in urban and rural areas. According to Wen Tiejun, the central problem of China's development is the problem of the peasantry. And if in the 20th century the central problem of the peasant was the problem of land, then in the 21st century it is the problem of employment. The analysis of the economic reform process at the end of the 20th century used the ideas of economist Gregory Chow. In his opinion, the three main reasons for China's economic growth are: the availability of human resources, the modernized market economy system and the large gap in China's socio-economic development with developed countries.
Scientific novelty of the research consists of a comprehensive economic and sociological study of the social aspects of China's economic development.
Work structure: the diploma consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, and a list of references. The first chapter outlines the economic reform at the end of the 20th century as the process of creating a market economy and current socio-economic problems in modern China. The second chapter focuses on economic policies and reforms in the first decade of the 21st century. In particular, economic policies aimed at deepening the development of villages, developing e-commerce and solving problems of uneven development in different regions are considered. Particular attention is paid to environmental issues, which is the main factor in economic development in modern China.

Chapter 1. Features of economic reforms in China in the last quarter of the 20th - early 21st centuries

One of the most important economic developments of the 20th century is the rapid economic development of the People's Republic of China, which many economists call the "Chinese economic development miracle." The beginning of China's rapid economic development is considered to be the implementation of the policy of reform and opening up, the main architect of which is Deng Xiaoping. Economic reforms in the last quarter of the 20th century made notable progress and laid the foundation for economic development in the early 21st century: until the end of the 20th century, China mainly implemented: price liberalization, foreign trade liberalization and agrarian reform. Since the start of economic reforms in 1978, China's gross domestic product has steadily increased. And in 2001, China joined the WTO, gaining more chances to participate in the international economy. In 2009, it already ranked 3rd in the world in terms of nominal GDP. It can be said that economic reforms were successful in all sectors of the economy.

But just like every coin has two sides, with the rapid development of the economy, social problems have emerged that are becoming more and more relevant in the 21st century. This opposite condition gives significance to the socio-historical analysis of reforms.

1.1 Socio-historical analysis of reforms in China: the creation of a market economy

Before economic reforms, as everyone knows, China was dominated by a planned economy, in which the means of production belonged to the state and the prices of goods were determined by the state. In the 30 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, China managed to create only favorable conditions for the development of the military industry, and the economy as a whole was still extremely backward, the standard of living of the people was at the poverty line: in 1977, China's GDP was 322.53 billion yuan, a GDP of per capita was only 342 yuan. http://219.235.129.58/reportYearQuery.do?id=1300&r=0.6927967144385334 A huge gap in comparison with developed countries has emerged in the field of science, communication, infrastructure construction, etc. Economic lag and the end of the Cultural Revolution stimulated the beginning of a policy of economic reforms. As everyone knows, 1978 was considered the beginning of the ref. However, the reforms did not proceed smoothly. Without practical experience and theoretical justification, Deng Xiaoping in 1980 put forward the slogan “cross the river by feeling for stones at the bottom.” And it can be said that in the 20 years since the start of reforms, China has continuously made attempts to set goals and define reform strategies.

On May 11, 1978, the Guangming Daily newspaper, edited by Deng Xiaoping, published an article on the topic “Practice is the only criterion for testing the truth,” which initiated an educational movement throughout the country on the theme of “liberation of thinking” and was the ideological basis for the policy of reform and opening up. After the 3rd Plenum of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978, attempts to reform the old system began in China in different sectors and in different regions. At the beginning of reforms, China wanted to copy the reform experience of Eastern European countries. However, due to the fact that the traditional economic system had taken root in China, and the society was distrustful of the market economy, it was impossible to immediately move away from the planned system. And in 1982, at the 12th Congress of the CPC, this slogan was officially established as the goal of reform. However, they mostly took place in the village.

In November 1978, 18 peasants in Anhui Province secretly signed an agreement under which they leased land. And gradually this reform spread to other regions. Although land leasing was then considered illegal, this reform received support from some of the top management. In 1979, this reform had already taken place in Anhui Province, Sichuan Province, Guizhou Province, Gansu Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Henan Province. Against this background, in 1979, a decision was made, in accordance with which, from 1980, this reform became completely legal. Wu Jinglian, Ma Guochuan 20 interviews on the reform of the Chinese economyPublishing house Sanlian-zhin©qreading©qknowledge, 2012. - P.10. And this stage can be called the stage of reform of the agricultural economy. The first achievements were achieved. Among them, the most important is the formation of a family contract system, in which remuneration depends on its results. Thanks to this system, the activity of peasants significantly increased, which played an important role in increasing the efficiency of agriculture. Grain production increased from 304.77 million tons in 1978 to 407.31 million tons in 1984http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm.

However, due to the fact that in the 1980s the theoretical foundations for comprehensive reforms were not yet perfect, flexible social and economic policies were pursued at that time, which provided the opportunity and space for the development of private enterprise:

Firstly, without changing collective ownership of land, peasants could engage in production activities and develop family farms.

Secondly, the policy of forming a “mixed economy” was pursued, that is, the policy of combining planned and market production systems. Fixed prices were not changed, but a flexible pricing system was used: each enterprise was given planned tasks and appropriate resources to complete these tasks. Products produced within the plan were paid at prices set centrally. And products in excess of the plan were supplied to the market at flexible prices.

As mentioned above, the village was considered the beginning of reforms. The creation of a family contract system, in which wages depend on its results, accelerated the development of agriculture and peasant incomes increased significantly. The net per capita income of peasants increased from 133.6 yuan in 1978 to 397.6 in 1985. Since the 1990s, it has increased rapidly: it was 708.6 yuan in 1991, 1577.7 yuan in 1995, 2253.4 yuan in 2000, 5919.0 yuan in 2010, and in 2014 it was already reached 9892.0 yuan http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm. In 1978, the number of poor people throughout the country was 250 million. In 2007, this figure dropped to 14.79 million http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm.

In addition, another phenomenon emerged in the village: after the start of reforms, peasants received the right to their own property. Before economic reforms, peasants were very poor and had nothing. After the reforms, they received the right to use the land, in other words, the unthinkable happened. The right to own property manifests itself in the form of deposits, private housing, household means of subsistence and production. In addition, peasants received the right to freely manage their human capital in the process of choosing a profession and migrating. It was against this background that, with increasing productivity and industrial development, an influx of surplus labor into the cities appeared.

Despite the reduced gap between cities and villages, the existence of the old economic system in the city limited the further development of the villages: the old system prevented the free inclusion of rural labor in the cities, and the city's production system could not provide the villages with industrial products and household products.

Poetmou could not do without comprehensive reform in the cities. Against this background, on October 20, 1984, at the 3rd plenum of the 12th CPC Central Committee, the document “Decision of the CPC Central Committee on reforming the economic system” was adopted. Decision of the CPC Central Committee on reforming the economic system. [Electronic resource]: URL: http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64565/65378/4429522.html, which comprehensively and clearly outlined the importance of reform for China's development and the center of reform was moved from villages to the city. According to this document, the goal of the reform was to build a viable socialist economic system, to develop a socialist commodity economy, to establish a system of liberal prices, to deepen economic and technological ties within China and with other countries, and to comprehensively develop industry and trade. Thus, the main tone of the reforms was determined and rapid socio-economic changes began in China.

Joint ventures with Chinese and foreign capital and unitary foreign enterprises began to play an important role in economic growth. It can be said that the liberalization of foreign trade in China took place step by step. Different regions gradually integrated into the world economy. In 1980, the first four SEZs were created to stimulate investment: Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Xiamen, which played an important role in attracting investment and international trade. And in 1984 they decided to open 14 more coastal cities and ports. Thus, foreign investments began to enter China's domestic markets. In 1986, the Chinese government issued a list of 22 State Council Temporary Provisions to Stimulate Reform. [Electronic resource]: URL: http://pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Db=alftwotitle&Gid=16777426, aimed at improving the investment climate. Special exchange offices were opened for investors who had the opportunity to buy hard currency and imported raw materials. In 1985-1986 these cities accounted for 23% of industrial production and 40% of China's exportsОвѕґзцЈ¬Вн№ъґЁ.ЦР№ъѕјГёДпп20ІЈ¬ИеБЄКйµкікіц°жЈ¬2012ДкЈ¬10Ті Wu Jinglian, Ma Guochuan 20 interviews on the reform of the Chinese economy Sun Publishing House lian-jin©qreading©qknowledge, 2012 .-p.10. In 1990 A new corporate policy was introduced, and regulations on copyright protection came into force. This has boosted investment from Japan, the US and Western Europe. Foreign enterprises brought funds, advanced technology, progressive management experience and marketing channels to the world. The emergence of foreign enterprises contributed to the creation of a competitive market and economic development.

As mentioned above, at the beginning of the reforms in China, political and ideological discussions constantly took place. For example, in the period 1989-1991. in China there was a slogan “only socialism can develop China.” Ideological blinders have repeatedly prevented economic reforms. In 1987, the 13th Congress of the CPC was held in China and the task of “building socialism with Chinese characteristics” was announced. And this year a new slogan appeared: “the state regulates the market, and the market guides the enterprise,” which replaced the old “planned economy is the main thing, and the market economy is secondary.” In March 1992, at a plenary meeting of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee, Deng Xiaoping said: “there is no need to shackle yourself with ideological and practical abstract disputes about what name all this bears - socialism or capitalism, but in order to accelerate economic development, it is more serious to liberate the creation, speed up the implementation reforms, expand external contacts" People's Daily. 1992.21. October. In 1992, the slogan “the state regulates the market, and the market guides the enterprise” was transformed into “creating a socialist market economy.” Since 1992, China has been taking measures aimed at liberalizing the service sector and creating preconditions for joining the WTO. As a result, previously closed sectors of the economy were opened: real estate, transport, telecommunications, retail trade, etc. In 1993, at the 14th Congress of the CPC, a decision was made “on the creation of a socialist market economy” On solving problems in the creation of a socialist market economy. [Electronic resource]: URL: http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/134902/8092314.html, in which the course of comprehensive reform was clarified. The main objectives of the reform were announced: the creation of a market economy, which includes the commodity market, labor market and financial market; comprehensively deepening the policy of reform and opening up; optimization of enterprise management; creation of a modern social security system; improvement of the legal system.

Unlike Russia and other countries of Eastern Europe, where reforms of state enterprises and privatization of collective farms were carried out in a short time, this process was carried out in China over a long time, step by step. We can say that the beginning of property reforms was 1981. In 1978, in the value of gross industrial output, the state economy accounted for 77.6%, the collective economy accounted for 22.4% (Chinese Annual Statistical Directory, 1997). And all other forms of the economy had to be purged as “enemies of socialism.” Chinese economist Xue Muqiao proposed that the private economy should be allowed to exist. In February 1979, the State Council accepted this proposal and issued instructions from the Office of Industrial and Trade Administration at various levels, according to which unemployed citizens received the right to work in the field of construction, services, and handicraft industries. However, a clear statement was made that workers should not be hired. Thus, the first private entrepreneurs appeared in cities. At the end of 1980, already 806 thousand people worked as private entrepreneurs. Chinese Annual Statistical Directory, 1997. In 1981, at the next 11th plenum of the Central Committee, a decision was made according to which the private economy was recognized as necessary and complementary to the economy of public property. From this time on, the private economy was officially recognized as legal. In 1982, the State Council promulgated the “Regulation on Non-Agricultural Urban Individual Business” http://www.people.com.cn/item/flfgk/gwy/jjgl/cxjs/830425.html, which allowed the hiring of workers. Then a number of documents appeared that contributed to the development of the private economy. Collective property served as an intermediate institution in the process of transition from state to private property. In 1988, there were already 1.64 million people working in the private economy. China Annual Statistical Book, 1997. Until the mid-1990s, private industry already played an important role in industrial development: it occupied one third of the sector. Private enterprises attracted surplus labor resources. In 1990, 96.73 million people were freed from agricultural labor and worked in the non-agricultural sector. Wu Jinglian, Ma Guochuan 20 interviews on the reform of the Chinese economy Sanlian-zhin Publishing House©qreading©qknowledge, 2012.-p.167.

And a number of reform measures have achieved success, leading to a long period of rapid growth in China's economy:

Firstly, the ownership structure was optimized. The private economy has gained the opportunity to exist and is currently already a key sector of the economy. In 2006, the percentage of people working in a private company had already reached 72% of the total number of employees. Most state-owned enterprises have already been reorganized into joint-stock companies owned by the state.

Secondly, the creation of a market economy and the policy of “opening up” are combined with each other at the turn of the century, which has turned China into the most powerful base for the development of the manufacturing industry.

In just a decade, an elementary market system was created.

As a result of economic reforms, China has undergone a comprehensive economic transformation. Comparing the economic state in 1978 and 2014, we can clearly see such a transformation, and it is mainly manifested in the following aspects: the transition of the economy from an import-oriented model to an export-oriented model; transformation from the “production” model to the “production-service sector” model; rapid development of the virtual economy.

Economic transition from an import-oriented model to an export-oriented model: in 1978, Chinese economic activity was mainly limited within China, and in 2014, almost all important areas of economic activity have a connection with the global economy. This transition is manifested in many aspects: after the start of the “reform and opening up” policy in 1978, China imported foreign technical equipment in large quantities and the foreign trade deficit was $1.14 billion. For a long time, China experienced a shortage of foreign exchange, and in 2014 China's foreign exchange reserves amounted to $3.843 trillion. and a trade surplus of $222.56 billion. At the same time, the total volume of exports and imports increased from 20.64 billion dollars. in 1978 to 4.303 trillion dollars. in 2014. In addition, the commodity structure of imports and exports has changed. In 1978, agricultural products and processed by-products were the main export commodities, accounting for 62.6% of total exports. And the main import goods are capital goods (steel, chemical fertilizer, paper, etc.), occupying 81.4%. And in 2014, the percentage of agricultural products in export trade turnover decreased to 2.8%, and all the rest were industrial goods. Comparing specific import-export goods, we can conclude that Kiai has already transformed from an agricultural country into an industrial country http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm.

Transformation from the “production” model to the “production-service sector” model:

In 1978, due to a shortage of jobs in the service sector, people focused on the development of manufacturing and did not attach much importance to other sectors of the economy. The establishment of the goal of “creating a socialist market economy system” in 1992 played an important role in the development of the service sector. Then the service sector developed rapidly: in 1978 it accounted for 23.7% of the national economy, and in 2014 - 48.2% http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm. It makes a much greater contribution to economic development than the primary and secondary sectors of the economy.

Rapid development of the virtual economy:

In 1978, China did not have the concept of a “virtual economy.” At that time in China there were no such financial instruments as stocks, securities, bonds. The only financial instrument was banks. And even banks, until January 1978, worked as part of the public sector, and were not independent enterprises. Only in 1978 did they officially decide to separate the People's Bank of China from the Ministry of Finance. And in modern China, the virtual economy is already an integral part of economic life. According to available data, in 2013, the total value added of the financial sector was 4119.05 billion yuan,

occupying 7.0% of GDP. In 2013, 5.379 million people work in the financial sector http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm.

The main engine of economic transformation is the state. During the transition from an import-oriented model to an export-oriented model, the policy of expanding external relations played an important role: attracting foreign investment, creating SEZs, opening 14 coastal cities, joining the WTO, and the economic strategy of “going abroad.” And the rapid development of the service sector is closely related to the policy of promoting the development of tourism, the catering industry, communications and transport, and financial services.

Despite the fact that at the end of the 20th century the basis of a market system had already been created in China, the reforms were far from complete. This new market system, created in the late 20th century and early 21st century, was a “semi-market system” in which the government and state economy still control the national economy and society. This specificity is manifested in the following: despite the reduced share of the state economy in GDP, in the most significant areas such as oil production, telecommunications, development of railways, finance, the state monopoly still remains in the economy; government at different levels has power over important economic resources such as land and funds; The necessary perfect legal system has not yet been created. On the threshold of the 21st century, China is faced with the difficult task of transforming its economic growth model. As mentioned above, the main engine of economic growth was investment and exports. The absence of an endogenous factor for economic growth threatened sustainable economic growth. In this regard, in 1996, at the 8th National People's Congress of China, it was determined to “carry out the transformation of economic growth from an extensive form to an intensive form” http://www.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2008-03/19/ content_13028289.htm as the main task of the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Subsequently, the transformation of the economic growth model is constantly at the center of the five-year plan. In 2002, a working meeting on economic problems was held in Beijing. As a result of this meeting, China's task at the new stage of reforms was established as expanding domestic demand. As the head of the State Administration of the People's Republic of China, Zhu Zhixin, said, “the stable and rapid growth of the Chinese economy in 2002 is largely ensured by the expansion of investment, growth in consumption and exports” People's Daily. 12/15/2002. And in 2003, at the 16th Congress of the CPC, a “decision on some issues in the socialist market economy” was made. A decision on some issues in the socialist market economy. [Electronic resource]: URL: http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-08/13/content_1071062.htm. This year began to be considered the beginning of the stage of improvement of the socialist market economy. Since entering the 21st century, every sector of the economy has seen remarkable development, with the average per capita net income for rural residents increasing from 2253.4 yuan in 2000 to 9892.0 yuan in 2014. During this period, GDP increased from 9.97763 trillion yuan to 63.61387 trillion yuan, and GDP per capita increased from 7092 yuan to 46629 yuan, food production from 462.175 million. tons up to 607.026 million tons. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm In addition to increasing the incomes of the rural population, a number of measures were implemented during this period aimed at improving the living standards of the rural population, in particular, since 2006 throughout The country finally abolished the tax on agricultural production. Thanks to this measure, farmers were able to reduce costs by approximately 135 billion yuan annually. And since 2004, the country began to provide direct subsidies for the production of main agricultural products, while simultaneously implementing a system of purchase prices for important categories such as wheat and cotton. The amount of direct donations increased from 14.5 billion yuan in 2004 to 165.3 billion yuan in 2012. A system of providing a living wage and new rural pension programs were created in the village.

It can be said that at the beginning of the 21st century, China has already made the transition from a planned economy to a socialist market economy. The main characteristic of reforms is gradual progress towards the market. The gradualist approach avoided institutional dysfunctions. For 30 years, economic reform has fulfilled its objectives. Since 1978, China has experienced rapid economic growth, with an average GDP growth rate of 9.7% from 1979 to 2014 and 9.8% from 2001 to 2014. The level of well-being of the population is constantly increasing. The real disposable per capita income of the urban population in 2014 reached 29,381 yuan and the average growth rate from 1979 to 2014 was 7.4%, from 2001 to 2014 - 9.2%. The net per capita income of the rural population in 2014 reached 9,892 yuan and the average the growth rate from 1979 to 2014 was 7.6%, from 2001 to 2014 - 7.9% http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm. During this period, reforms of the economic structure were implemented. These include price liberalization, foreign trade liberalization, property reform and agrarian reform. As a result of economic reforms, China plays an important role in world trade. Currently, China has a developed manufacturing industry. And China is the world leader in the production of many modern technologies, such as electronics, computers, information equipment, etc. And in the field of transport and communications, China has made significant progress.

But on the other hand, today's socialist market economy is far from perfect. State-owned enterprise reform and financial reform have made progress, but comprehensive deepening of reforms is still required. And in the field of social security, China is still lagging behind developed countries. In addition, in the process of economic growth, socio-economic problems have emerged that cannot be ignored when analyzing China's economic reforms.

1.2 Main social problems of economic reforms in China

While the new system of socialist market economy has already begun to operate, the old system is still working in some sectors. Thus, the transition to the new system slowed down. Especially, many difficult problems arise in the process of reform of state-owned enterprises. The type of economic growth is mainly still extensive. The resource allocation structure is irrational. Domestic brands have not yet appeared. Export goods are not knowledge-intensive. The disequilibrium between the western part and the eastern part becomes more obvious, which not only manifests itself in economic life but also affects the distribution of resources for education, medical care, transport, etc. The widening gap in spending between rich and poor is a pressing problem. The influx of rural population into cities will accelerate and in this process new social problems arise: the instability of society, the problem of education of children of the rural population in the city, attitude towards internal migrants.

Since the 90s of the 20th century, there has been rapid economic growth and the standard of living of the population has improved significantly. The policy of reform and opening up over the decades, on the one hand, has changed the economic structure and place of China in the world economy. The Chinese economy experienced continued rapid growth, and in 2010 overtook Japan in terms of GDP, ranking second in the world. At the end of 2015, China ranked first in terms of export volume in the world. Real disposable income per capita has been rising year after year. Despite the existing successes, it is impossible to ignore the problems of economic development. GDP per capita is still relatively low. In 2014, China's per capita GDP was 7594 yuan and the US per capita GDP was 54630 yuan http://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD. And the production structure is far from ideal. Scientific and technological progress has a relatively small impact on economic growth. The gap between the eastern and western regions is growing. Chinese society is increasingly dissatisfied with this imperfection of economic development. This phenomenon is associated with a number of socio-economic problems that arose during the reform process.

One of the important problems is corruption as rent-oriented behavior of the authorities. According to Wang Xiaolu's analysis, "gray" income in 2005 reached 4800 billion yuan, and in 2008 already reached 5400 billion yuan. income and distribution of national income//Comparison. - 2010, No. 48. . And with corruption, the income gap is also growing sharply. According to the World Bank, China's Gini coefficient increased from 0.16 to 0.5 after reforms until 2006 http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/429/. This figure shows that unequal distribution of income is already a very serious problem. All this threatens social stability. And we cannot ignore that the problem of lack of natural resources and environmental damage is becoming more and more urgent. All these problems require urgent solutions and the government does not pay attention to them.

1.2.1 Imbalance of development in cities and villages

Before exploring the social problems that arose during the reform process, it is necessary to understand the specifics of the modern Chinese economy. Despite the fact that the Chinese economy has developed rapidly, one cannot but agree that China is still an agricultural country. Today's Chinese economy is a dual economy. What is a dual economy? Dutch economist J.H. Boeck first put forward this term in an analysis of the processes of economic growth in countries of dependent development, the coexistence of modern and traditional sectors of the economy in the colonial economy. And Sir William Arthur Lewis in 1954 created the theory of the “dual sector” model in the article “Economic Development under Unlimited Labor Supply” Part ?.Dual Economies of Selected Economic Writing of W. Arthur Lewis, Edited by M. Gerosvitz, New York University Press, 1983, pp.329-339; pp.461-478. According to this theory, there are basically two completely different sectors of the economy in developing countries: the capitalist (or modern) and the agricultural (or traditional) sector. but is backward; the modern sector is advanced, but occupies only a small part. The dual sector model is a typical characteristic of the economic development of developing countries. In other words, a dual economy is an economy in which modern industries coexist with backward forms of economic activity in an almost complete absence. interactions between them. And in China, the dual economy is manifested in the following aspects:

The urban economy is based on modern mass production, while the rural economy is still based on individual peasant farming. Mass production is characterized by the continuity of production over a long period of identical products (products, parts, blanks) with strict repeatability of the production process at sites, lines and workplaces. Based on the flow production method (its highest form is an automatic line). And in an individual peasant farm, production is carried out by families.Ј©

Urban infrastructure is developed, but rural infrastructure is lagging behind.

Urban consumption expenditures per capita are significantly higher than rural ones.

But the rural population occupies a significant percentage of ЈЁ according to data in 2010 - 32% Ј©. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm

And in connection with the dual economic model, in 1988, the research center of the Ministry of Agriculture put forward the concept of “dual structure of society” №¤Тµ»ЇЎ¤ ЇЎ·Ј¬Ў¶ѕјГСРѕїІОїјЧКБПЎ·1988ДкµЪ90жЪЈ¬µЪ17-19ТіЎЈResearch group of the research center of the Ministry of Agriculture for industrialization and urbanization of trees Dual structure of society: relationship with cities: industrialization·urbanization//Reference data of economic research . - 1988, No. 90.-P.17-19. In this structure, society is divided into an urban sector and a rural sector. Inequality is specifically manifested in registration, housing, provision of products, education, medicine, employment, insurance, labor protection, marriage, and military service. Thus, it can be said that the central problem in a dual economy is inequality between cities and villages. In China, the term “Sannong” is used to describe a set of problems in the countryside, agriculture and peasants. As stated above, since the beginning of the 21st century the standard of living of the rural population has improved greatly. At the same time, urbanization developed at a rapid pace. The urbanization rate increased from 36.22% in 2000 to 54.77% in 2014: the percentage of rural population decreased by 18.55% in 14 years http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/ indexch.htm. It can be seen that the process of urbanization is closely related to the development of agriculture and rural areas. Urbanization provides employment and residence to rural populations and, conversely, rural populations are an important source of labor. Despite the high level of urbanization, urbanization in China is not true urbanization. Due to lack of policies and other problems, many rural populations are unable to transform themselves into “urban citizens”. All these contradictions give rise to a number of pressing problems that have received a common name - Sannong.

At the end of the 20th century, the neologism Sannong (agricultural sector, village and peasants) was first proposed by doctor of economics Wen Tiejun. And in 2001, the phrase “Sannong problem” was included in official documents and became an official term in the scientific community and the party elite. In 2003, the CPC Central Committee included the Sannong issue in its annual work report http://www.gov.cn/test/2006-02/16/content_201173.htm. The Sannong problem is not a new product of economic development. It has existed since the creation of the People's Republic of China. The fact is that in the 21st century, with the deepening of urbanization, this problem is especially relevant and acute. As stated above, the Sannong problem is a combination of the problems of the village, agriculture and peasants. The Sannong problem is not only an economic problem, it covers almost all spectrums of rural development. It is closely related to the stability of society. The main reason for the emergence of the Sannong problem is the imperfection of reforms in the countryside and the shortcomings in the urbanization process. Firstly, peasants have the right to use land only for the lease period. The deprivation of the right to permanent, indefinite use of land has led to low investment enthusiasm among peasants. In addition, according to Chinese law, the right to a land contract and housing with an adjacent plot cannot be pledged. Thus it is impossible to convert these rights into current capital.

Against the backdrop of rapid development in the industrial and service sectors, peasants prefer to work in the city. The reasons are not only the relatively high salary, but also that the city has better educational conditions, medical conditions and infrastructure. The motivation for most peasants who left their homeland and are engaged in hard work in the city is that they want to create a better future for the next generation. Therefore, the influx of China's rural population into cities has accelerated. And due to the fact that the majority of rural workers lack education and proper qualifications, they are forced to engage in hard, low-skilled labor. And with the influx of rural population into cities, new problems arise, the main one of which is that in China the urbanization of the land is much faster than the urbanization of the population. In 1980, the built-up area of cities was 5000 sq. km, the urban population was 191.4 million people and the urbanization level in that year was 19.39%. And in 2010, the built-up area of cities increased to 46 thousand. sq.km. and the urbanization level is 49.95%. The population permanently residing in cities increased to 671.13 million people. Persono -ot # -іizkr ѕѕhimtsypeye © OKMV [j] ј ј №ј -± ± -item ± e -2012ј6 Cheng Siven problem in the process of urbanization of China // Bulletin of Bulletin State Administrative Academy. - 2012, No. 6.

Over 30 years, the built-up area of cities has expanded 9.2 times, but the number of people permanently living in cities has expanded only 3.5 times. It is especially necessary to pay attention to the fact that the urbanization of the population with city registration was only 34.15%. This means that 213.21 million people live permanently in cities, but they cannot truly become urban citizens. At the same time, China has a specific registration system - the Hukou system. This system not only divides all Chinese into urban and rural residents, but also causes inequality in the areas of pensions and social security, education and health care. As stated above, many migrants cannot use benefits due to the lack of hukou, despite the fact that they have been living and working in cities for many years. Let's take education as an example: in 2011, the number of children who moved to cities with their parents and were required to receive compulsory education (grades 1-9) reached 11.67 million. 79.2% of them were educated in urban public schools. OT№іZKR»ЇЅшіМЦРµДИЭ©ОКМв[J]Ј¬№ъјТРРХуС§ФєС§±ЁЈ¬2012Ј¬6 Chen Xiwen The problem of Xiannong in the process of urbanization of China // Bulletin of the State Administrative Academy. - 2012, No. 6. . And according to the current system, children cannot take entrance exams to a higher educational institution without local registration. This means that in order to enter universities, they will be forced to return to their provinces. The problem is more complicated when parents leave their children at home and work far away in cities. This is how the phenomenon of abandoned children arises - children of migrant workers left in the care of relatives. According to the 2015 China Family Development Report, the proportion of children left behind in rural areas is 35.1 percent. In almost half of these children, both parents left to work. The share of migrant families is 17.2 percent, Pravda newspaper, No. 57 (30263) June 2-3, 2015. In this case, children cannot receive decent care, discipline and education. According to data in 2010, the number of abandoned children reached 50 million. According to the Women's Federation, the number of abandoned children reached 50 million [Electronic resource]: URL: http://acwf.people.com.cn/GB/11697802.html.

The system of registration of rural and urban populations has led to the problem of inequality in social security. In the early 90s of the 20th century, cities had already begun to create a system to provide a living wage and social assistance in various aspects. And the creation of a system throughout the country to ensure a living wage in rural areas began only in 2007. And the average amount of subsidies to achieve the subsistence level in cities is much higher than in villages: in 2011, the former amounted to 287.6 yuan, and the latter - 143.2 yuan http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/ 2015/indexch.htm. The social security system in cities is already relatively advanced, but in villages it is still at an early stage. The city already has a comprehensive system for health insurance, unemployment insurance, work injury insurance and a housing fund. And in the villages, the transformation of pension insurance and health insurance is just underway. On the one hand, the provision of a new type of rural cooperative health insurance has almost covered the entire country and has achieved success: in 2014, 1.652 billion person visits benefited http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm . But on the other hand, the average benefit from insurance remains low: in 2011 it amounted to only 130 yuan http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm. And the average old-age pension of the rural population due to the implementation of the new rural pension system in 2011 was only 658.72 yuan per year. And the average old-age pension of the urban population in a given year is 18699.86 yuan http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm.

In addition, the imbalance between urban and rural development is manifested in the level of urban infrastructure development. Currently, cities already have a perfect system of water supply, gas supply and heat supply. But in villages there is no such service. However, systems for recycling waste and maintaining cleanliness are gradually developing. The total expenditure on medicine and health care in cities reached 1125.502 billion yuan in 2008 and in rural areas - 328.038 yuan. The average expenditure on medicine and healthcare of the urban population in 2008 was 1862.3 yuan, the average expenditure of the rural population was 454.8 yuan. The number of hospital beds in cities has reached 81.38% http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm.

With the process of urbanization and migration of peasants to cities, a problem arose in the supply and demand of food and other agricultural products. Due to the process of urbanization, on the one hand, the area of arable land is decreasing, on the other hand, there is a large-scale influx of rural population into cities. This increases the demand for agricultural products. Despite the fact that since 2000, the production of food and agricultural products has increased every year, the increase in supply of these products cannot catch up with the increase in demand. This contradiction can be seen in the sharp increase in the volume of imports of agricultural products. For the first half of 2012, the total volume of exports and imports of agricultural products amounted to 83.72 billion dollars. Among them, 29.55 billion dollars was the total volume of exports, a comparable increase of 4.7%; $54.17 billion - total import volume, a comparable increase of 28.8%. The passive trade balance of agricultural products for the first half of the year was $24.62 billion. And during this time, 1.445 million tons of table sugar were imported, a comparable increase of -1.8 times; imported 668 thousand tons of dairy products, a comparable increase of 23.3%; imported 668 thousand tons of milk powder, a comparable increase of 8%. The cotton yield in 2011 was 6.6 million tons, the volume of cotton imports in this year was 3.31 million tons. in 2013, cotton yield was 6.299 million tons. , cotton import volume is 4.15 million tons. In 2013, the total volume of grain imports amounted to $5.054 billion. and in 2014 it increased to 6.175 billion dollars. According to data in 2014, the population of China was 1.36782 billion and the total cultivated area was 165.446 million hectares http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/ 2015/indexch.htm. Demographic stress and increased demand for food and other agricultural products is an important task in further socio-economic development.

It can be said that the imbalance of development in cities and villages is not just an imbalance in the rate of economic growth. It covers almost every aspect of life. According to the data, the rural population in 2014 was 628.66 million, occupying 45.23 percent http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm. Thus, comprehensive development and stability in villages concerns the stability of China as a whole. Based on this, the main task of further economic development and the state socio-economic strategy is the integration of urban and rural China. In addition to the problems caused by the dual structure of society, China also faces other difficulties in realizing long-term economic growth at a rapid pace, which is also a pressing social problem of economic development.

1. 2.2 Population aging in China

In order to contain long-term economic growth at a rapid pace, the Chinese authorities cannot but pay attention to demographic issues, which are becoming more pressing in China. Among them is the aging population. It is already significantly affecting the economic state of the country.

In 1979, China began to implement the “one family, one child” policy, which became the main government policy in 1982. This policy, on the one hand, successfully accomplished the tasks of reducing government spending to provide for the growing generation, mitigating pressure on resources and the environment, promoting economic development and improving the lives of the people, on the other hand, it became one of the reasons for the aging of the PRC population.

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