Postings for the sale of goods and services. Shipment of goods or finished products in accounting entries Invoice issued for shipped products entry

In this article we will look at how relationships with customers are taken into account in accounting. Which account is used to record customers, what postings are made. Transactions during a regular sale, upon receipt of an advance from a buyer or a bill of exchange are considered.

To account for settlements with buyers, account 62 “Settlements with buyers” is used, the debit of which reflects the buyer’s debt to the seller, and the credit reflects payment for goods, work, and services.

Buyers can pay the seller either after receiving the goods, or by making an advance payment, that is, by transferring the advance to the seller’s bank account. Payment by the buyer for the goods is made on the basis of an issued invoice, a sample of which can be viewed.

Accounting for settlements with customers during sales

Revenue from the sale of goods (work, services) is recognized as income from an ordinary type of activity and is reflected in the credit of account 90 “Sales”.

If the sale is one-time and is not a regular activity of the enterprise (for example, the sale of a fixed asset), then the proceeds are reflected as part of other income under the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

These two accounts 90 and 91 will be discussed in detail a little later; they are interesting and unlike other accounts, they have their own characteristics. It is necessary to calculate VAT on the sale price of goods (works, services) and send it for payment.

Postings to account 62 during regular sales: (click to expand)

Debit	Credit	Operation name
		Revenue from the sale of goods (works, services) is reflected
		VAT accrued on goods sold (work, services)
		Revenue from the sale of fixed assets, intangible assets, materials is reflected
		VAT accrued on sold assets
		Payment received from buyer

Accounting for advances received in settlements with customers

If the buyer pays for the goods in advance and makes an advance payment, then to account for settlements with buyers, in this case, subaccount 2 “advance received” is opened on account 62, while subaccount 1 will reflect settlements with buyers in the general case.

Postings for accounting for advances received (account 62)

Debit	Credit	Operation name
	62. Advance received	An advance was received from the buyer to the bank account
76.VAT on advances received		VAT is charged on the advance received
		Revenue from sales of goods is reflected
		VAT accrued on goods sold
62. Advance received		Offset of advance against debt repayment
	76.VAT on advances received	Accepted for deduction of VAT in connection with the sale of goods paid in advance

Accounting for bills received from the buyer:

If the buyer issued a promissory note to the seller, it must be accounted for in subaccount 3 “Bill of note received” of account 62. After the sale of the product, posting D51 K62. Bill of exchange received - this bill is repaid.

If the nominal value of a bill of exchange received exceeds the sale price, then the excess amount is reflected in entry D62. Bill of exchange received K 90/1.

Postings to account 62 when paying by bill of exchange:

Count 62 in infographic. Typical wiring

The figure below shows the main transactions of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”.

Typical transactions for account 62

An example of accounting for settlements with buyers and customers. Postings

The organization Alpha LLC received an advance payment from the Beta LLC company for the shipment of finished products in the amount of 236,000 rubles. A week later, the company Alpha LLC shipped part of the finished products in the amount of 47,200 rubles. (including VAT RUB 7,200)

How to account for these transactions?

subaccount 3 – for accounting for bills received.

In the next article we will look at how to carry out accounting of accounts payable: ““.

Video lesson “Settlements with buyers and customers. Count 62"

In this video lesson, accounting account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” is discussed, standard transactions and examples are discussed. The lesson is taught by chief accountant N.V. Gandeva. (teacher, expert of the site “Accounting for Dummies”). Click to watch video ⇓

If we talk briefly about accounting for settlements with buyers and customers, we can say that such accounting is based on account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n).

Account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”

For more detailed coverage of the features of accounting for settlements with buyers and customers, you must refer to the Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts.

62 accounting account is usually debited for the amounts of submitted settlement documents in correspondence with the credit of accounts 90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses”, and credited for the amount of payment received in the debit of accounts 50 “Cash”, 51 “Settlement accounts”, etc. .

Analytical accounting for account 62 must be maintained for each invoice presented to customers, and when making payments using scheduled payments - for each buyer and customer. Analytical accounting of settlements with buyers and customers should be organized in such a way that it is possible to obtain data on settlements with such counterparties:

according to payment documents for which the due date has not yet arrived;
for settlement documents not paid on time;
on advances received;
on bills of exchange for which the due date for receipt of funds has not arrived;
on bills discounted (discounted) in banks;
on bills for which funds were not received on time.

Documentation of settlements with buyers and customers depends on the features and procedure for settlements with buyers, whether cash or non-cash payments are made to buyers. As a rule, such documents are invoices, acts, invoices, cash and sales receipts. For example, the rules for paying customers in cash usually require the issuance of only cash register receipts, and when making payments for goods delivered, organizations draw up delivery notes and, if the transaction is subject to VAT, invoices.

In the case of the creation of “doubtful” reserves, the debt of buyers in the balance sheet is reflected minus the created reserve (clause 35 of PBU 4/99).

However, it is impossible to answer unequivocally the question of whether settlements with buyers and customers are an asset or a liability. After all, according to settlements with buyers and customers, both accounts receivable (there is a shipment, but no payment) and accounts payable (when receiving advances) can be formed. In the first case, information on settlements with buyers and customers will be reflected in the balance sheet asset as part of accounts receivable, and in the second - in the liability side as part of short-term liabilities. This means that accounting account 62 is an active-passive account.

In modern conditions, improving the accounting of settlements with buyers and customers comes down mainly to increasing the efficiency of data on settlements with buyers and speeding up the exchange of documents between counterparties. One of the elements in the development of the system of settlements with customers is the introduction of electronic document management.

Settlements with buyers and customers: postings

In accounts payable, the main entries consist of recognizing income from the sale of goods, works or services and receiving payments to repay accounts receivable, as well as advance receipts.

Thus, the following accounting entries are made in the seller’s accounting records for the amounts of the presented settlement documents:

Debit of account 62 - Credit of account 90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses”

The use of accounts 90 and 91 depends on whether the income being recognized is or.

In retail sales, the fact of sale can be recognized bypassing account 62, when the following posting is made: Debit account 50 “Cash” - Credit account 90.

Accounting entries are generated for the amounts of received payments (including advances):

Debit of accounts 50 “Cash”, 51 “Cash accounts”, 52 “Currency accounts”, etc. - Credit of account 62.

In this case, separate accounting of advances is kept on account 62, as a rule, by opening an additional sub-account.

In accounting for settlements with buyers and customers, postings are not limited to records for recording sales and receipt of payment. The procedure for accounting for settlements with buyers and customers requires reliable reflection of information about such settlements in the financial statements. For these purposes, the debt of buyers and customers is analyzed for its doubtfulness and the need to create a reserve in account 63 “Provisions for doubtful debts” at the expense of financial results (clause 70 of Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n):

Debit account 91 “Other income and expenses” - Credit account 63.

Sales of goods occur as often as purchases. The event takes place in accordance with the signed supply agreement, and the reflection of the operation itself is similar to the acquisition of valuables.

The task of accounting when shipping goods is to show the transfer of ownership from the seller to the buyer. It is at the moment of transfer of the goods, that is, its shipment, that the owner changes. in the same way as can be done by two methods:

shipment of the goods is the first event, and after it payment is made within the period specified in the contract;
The shipment of goods follows an advance payment, that is, the buyer first transfers money for the goods, and only then picks it up. In this case, the moment of payment may occur much earlier than the shipment itself, because of this the supplier develops receivables.

In the second case, the manufacturer of the goods will be able to repay his debt only by transferring the goods, unlike the first, where, on the contrary, accounts payable arise and the buyer must repay them.

Postings for shipment of goods or products to the buyer

How is the shipment of goods reflected if payment is made later?

Account Dt	Kt account	Wiring description	Transaction amount	A document base
90.02	, 41	or goods. The size of the cost depends on the method of estimating output	Cost of finished products	Sales Invoice
	90.01	Reflection of revenue through the sale price of goods including VAT	Sales price of goods including VAT	Invoice, invoice
	68.2	Volume of VAT on goods shipment	VAT amount	Invoice, invoice, Sales book
		Reflection of debt repayment for shipped goods	Sales price of goods

How is the shipment of goods reflected when the buyer prepays

Account Dt	Kt account	Wiring description	Transaction amount	A document base
		Reflection of crediting of prepayment for future shipment of goods	Prepayment amount	Payment order or bank statement
		VAT accrual on prepayment amount	VAT amount	Invoice, Sales Book, Payment Order
90.2	, 41	Posting for shipment of goods or products. Cost is calculated depending on the method of estimating production output	Product cost	Sales Invoice
	90.1	Reflection of revenue through the sale price of goods including VAT	Sales price of finished goods including VAT	Invoice, invoice
90.3	68.2	Calculation of VAT amount on the volume of shipped goods	VAT amount	Invoice, invoice

The sale of goods and services is the transfer on a paid basis of ownership of goods and the provision of services for a fee by one person to another person. We will tell you about standard accounting entries for the sale of goods and services in our consultation.

Sales of goods: postings

The main account for accounting for the sale of goods in accordance with the Chart of Accounts and Instructions for its use () is account 90 “Sales”. This account reflects the proceeds from the sale of goods, as well as expenses associated with the sale and VAT accrued on sales.

Let's present typical transactions for the sale of goods in the table:

The presented set of transactions assumes that revenue is recognized at the time of shipment of goods.

However, a situation is possible when, in accordance with the contract, ownership of the goods passes to the buyer, for example, at the time of payment. In this case, revenue is not recognized at the time of shipment, because one of the conditions for its recognition is not met - the transfer of ownership to the buyer (clause “d”, clause 12 of PBU 9/99). But since the goods actually leave the warehouse and are written off from accounting, at the time of shipment account 45 “Goods shipped” is used:

Operation	Account debit	Account credit
Goods were shipped to the buyer under a contract with a special procedure for transfer of ownership (after payment)	45	41
VAT is charged at the time of shipment	76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”	68
Payment received from buyers	51, 52, etc.	62
Revenue from the sale of goods is recognized	62	90, subaccount “Revenue”
The cost of previously shipped goods has been written off	90, subaccount “Cost of sales”	45
VAT accrued at the time of shipment of goods is taken into account	90, subaccount “VAT”	76
Expenses associated with the sale of goods are written off	90, subaccount “Sales expenses”	44

When they talk about reverse sales, they mean a set of accounting entries that the buyer must make in his accounting when returning the goods to the supplier. You can read about typical transactions when returning goods for various reasons in.

Free sales: wiring

Sometimes sales also mean the gratuitous transfer of goods. Naturally, in this case, the “seller” does not reflect income from the disposal of goods. And expenses associated with the sale will not be taken into account in account 90. To account for the gratuitous transfer, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is used (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n, clause 11 PBU 10/99).

Free sales of goods will be accounted for as follows:

Sales of services: postings

The main difference between services and goods is that services are consumed directly at the time of their provision. In this regard, expenses associated with the provision of services collected in accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 29 “Service production and farms” are written off to the debit of account 90 at the time of provision of services without their intermediate recording in the account, similar to account 41.

Otherwise, the accounting entries for the provision of services will be similar to those given above.

In this material, which continues the series of publications devoted to the new chart of accounts, an analysis of account 61 “Settlements with buyers and customers” of the new chart of accounts is carried out. This commentary was prepared by Y.V. Sokolov, Doctor of Economics, Deputy. Chairman of the Interdepartmental Commission on Reforming Accounting and Reporting, member of the Methodological Council on Accounting under the Ministry of Finance of Russia, first President of the Institute of Professional Accountants of Russia, V.V. Patrov, professor of St. Petersburg State University and N.N. Karzaeva, Ph.D., deputy. Director of the audit service of Balt-Audit-Expert LLC.

Account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” is intended to summarize information on settlements with buyers and customers.

Account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” is debited in correspondence with accounts 90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses” for the amounts for which settlement documents were presented.

Account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” is credited in correspondence with the accounts for recording cash, settlements for the amounts of payments received (including the amounts of advances received), etc. In this case, the amounts of advances received and prepayments are taken into account separately.

If interest is provided on the received bill of exchange securing the debt of the buyer (customer), then as this debt is repaid, an entry is made to the debit of account 51 “Currency accounts” or 52 “Currency accounts” and the credit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” (on the amount of debt repayment) and 91 “Other income and expenses” (by the amount of interest).

Analytical accounting for account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” is carried out for each invoice presented to buyers (customers), and for settlements with scheduled payments - for each buyer and customer. At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting should provide the ability to obtain the necessary data on: buyers and customers on payment documents for which the payment period has not yet arrived; buyers and customers on payment documents not paid on time; advances received; bills for which the due date for receipt of funds has not arrived; bills discounted (discounted) in banks; bills for which funds were not received on time.

Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers within a group of interrelated organizations, the activities of which are compiled consolidated financial statements, is kept on account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” separately.

In general, we can say that account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” seems to mirror the seller’s facts of economic life, recorded by the buyer under account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”.

As soon as this account is debited, i.e. ownership of the shipped goods passes to the buyer, so the company immediately has a receivable and that is why the account corresponds with accounts 90.1 “Revenue” and/or 91.1 “Other income”. If the work was performed under a long-term contract, then account 46 “Completed stages of work in progress” can be credited.

According to established customs, the buyer could pay money in advance, i.e. there could have been either receipt of an advance or crediting of an advance payment. In this case, accounts payable arises on account 62.

All of the above requires answers to several questions:

what is account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” for?
How is payment by bills reflected?
How are advances received reflected?

Why do you need account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"

First of all, account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” is needed to reflect the debt of buyers for realized values (work, services).

Modern accounting regulations require the reflection of all transactions related to sales at the time of their release, which follows from the assumption of temporary certainty of the fact of economic activity, i.e. “..regardless of the actual time of receipt or payment of funds” (PBU 1/98, clause 6).

However, we will note other possibilities.

The main option involves immediately making the following entry after the shipment of valuables or the provision of services:

Credit 90.1 "Revenue"

The cycle of transactions for the sale of valuables can be represented using the following example.

Example

Debit 62 Credit 90.1 - 120,000 rub. - an invoice was issued to the buyer for the valuables shipped; Debit 90.2 Credit 41 - 90,000 rub. - valuables have been shipped.

Profit in the amount of 30,000 rubles. reflected as the difference between turnover in accounts 90.1 “Revenue” and 90.2 “Cost of sales”. Please note that the profit is fixed, you already have to pay taxes, but there is no money, there is nothing to pay with.

In cases where the moment of sale is recognized, in accordance with the terms of the purchase and sale agreement and/or the chosen accounting policy, as payment for valuables, such paradoxes do not arise.

Example

Goods were shipped to the buyer with a total cost of 120,000 rubles, the cost of these valuables was 90,000 rubles.

Debit 45 Credit 41 - 90,000 rub. - valuables have been shipped (the statement and provision of an invoice to the buyer in this case is not reflected in accounting records); Debit 51 Credit 62 - 120,000 rub. - the buyer has paid the invoice; Debit 62 Credit 90.1 - 120,000 rub. - revenue from the sale of valuables is reflected; Debit 90.2 Credit 45 - 90,000 rub. - the cost of goods sold is written off.

Profit received in the amount of 30,000 rubles. received reflection on the same accounts and in the same amount, but only after payment for goods sold and services rendered.

For tax purposes, this option is more simple and convenient. However, if an agreement is concluded according to which the risk of destruction of the goods (full or partial) falls on the owner until the moment of payment of the valuables, which for many reasons is extremely unprofitable for him.

Obligations of buyers and customers in accounting must be reflected at the time they arise. Due to the fact that the buyer’s obligations arise when the seller fulfills his obligations to transfer the goods, there are two possible options for reflecting the buyer’s receivables in the accounting records, which are determined by the terms of the agreement on the transfer of ownership of tangible assets.

The first option is based on the condition of the agreement on the transfer of ownership at the time of fulfillment of obligations by the supplier or contractor. In this case, the obligations of the buyer or customer arise simultaneously with the fulfillment of the obligations of the supplier or contractor and the transfer of ownership of the products (goods). Fulfillment of obligations by a supplier or contractor under a contract is the basis for recording revenue from the sale of products, goods, works, and services in accounting accounts.

According to paragraph 12 of the accounting regulations “Income of the organization” PBU 9/99, revenue is reflected in accounting if the following conditions are met:

the organization has the right to receive revenue arising from a specific contract or otherwise confirmed in an appropriate manner;
the amount of revenue can be determined;
there is confidence that a particular transaction will result in an increase in the economic benefits of the organization. Confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be an increase in the economic benefits of the organization exists when the organization received an asset in payment or there is no uncertainty regarding the receipt of the asset;
the right of ownership (possession, use and disposal) of the product (goods) has passed from the organization to the buyer or the work has been accepted by the customer (service provided);
the expenses that have been or will be incurred in connection with this operation can be determined.

To reflect the proceeds from sales in the accounting accounts, all conditions must be met simultaneously. If at least one of the above conditions is not met, then cash and other assets received by the organization in payment are recognized in the organization’s accounting as accounts payable, and not as repayment of receivables.

Consequently, the buyer’s receivables in the organization’s accounting will be formed simultaneously with the reflection of information on revenue from the sale of products, goods, works, services if all specified conditions are met by making the following entry in the accounting accounts:

Debit 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"
Credit 90 "Sales"

The second option for reflecting information about receivables is based on the terms of the agreement on the transfer of ownership at the time of payment for products, goods, or the occurrence of other circumstances. In this case, the buyer's obligations to pay for the products (goods) are not related to the transfer of ownership and, therefore, to the reflection of proceeds from the sale of products or goods in the accounting accounts. In the generally accepted Russian practice of accounting for buyer obligations, neither balance sheet account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” nor an off-balance sheet account are used in this case. However, it seems advisable to keep off-balance sheet accounting of receivables under contracts, the terms of which provide for the transfer of ownership at the time of payment for the goods or the occurrence of other circumstances. The debit of the off-balance sheet account "Accounts receivable from buyers" reflects the amount of the buyer's obligations under the contract for shipped products and goods.

At the moment of transfer of ownership of the product (goods), the following entry is made in the accounting accounts:

Debit 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"
Credit 90 "Sales"

And at the same time, under the credit of the Accounts Receivable account, the amount of accounts receivable reflected in balance sheet account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” is written off.

Accounting for accounts receivable under agreements providing for trade discounts

The contract may not provide for a fixed price for the product (goods), but establish a procedure for determining the price depending on the buyer’s fulfillment of certain conditions. Such certain conditions include the time of purchase of products or goods (before or after the main sales season), the quantity of goods purchased (more than a certain amount in physical and value terms), payment terms for shipped products (goods).

A price reduction when the buyer fulfills the conditions specified in the contract is called a trade discount. According to clause 6.5 of PBU 9/99, the amount of receivables is determined taking into account all discounts (markups) provided to the organization in accordance with the agreement.

The form of discount can be either monetary (reducing the price of a product) or in kind (selling a product “for free”). If a discount is provided in kind, the volume of receivables and, accordingly, revenue must be determined as a whole under the contract: taking into account the cost of the goods transferred at a set price different from zero and at a price equal to zero.

It should be noted that trade discounts provided to the buyer for purchasing goods out of season or for purchasing goods in significant quantities can be taken into account to assess receivables at the time of shipment of products (goods) to the buyer. It is not possible to take into account discounts provided to the buyer subject to payment within a certain period of time for assessing accounts receivable at the time of shipment of products (goods) to the buyer. Therefore, the reflection in accounting of receivables under contracts, with the condition of providing the buyer with a discount depending on the maturity of the receivables, can be carried out in two ways. The first option involves accounting for accounts receivable, traditional for Russia, without taking into account trade discounts, that is, accounts receivable are taken into account in accounting in full, as if the buyer did not and will not use the system of discounts based on the payment period for the goods. If the buyer complies with the terms of payment within the period established by the contract and provides him with a discount, it is necessary to subsequently adjust the receivables by the amount of the discount provided.

If payment by the debtor is made after the reporting date, an adjustment to the receivables by the amount of the discount provided on this payment must be made on the reporting date. According to paragraph 9 of PBU 7/98, data on the organization’s obligations are reflected in the financial statements taking into account events after the reporting date that confirm the economic conditions that existed on the reporting date in which the organization conducted its activities, or that indicate the economic conditions that arose after the reporting date in which the organization conducts its activities.

In accordance with paragraph 3 of the specified PBU, an event after the reporting date is recognized as a fact of economic activity that affects the performance indicators of the enterprise: financial condition, cash flow or results of the organization’s activities. Events after the reporting date taken into account when preparing financial statements include only those that occurred between the reporting date and the date of signing the financial statements for the reporting year.

The effects of events after the reporting date may be reflected in the financial statements either by restating the related liabilities or by making relevant disclosures.

Example

On December 20, 2002, a wholesale trade enterprise shipped 2,500 units to the buyer. product A at a price of 200 rubles. (purchase cost - 150 rubles). The total amount under the contract was 500,000 rubles. Value added tax at a rate of 20% amounted to 100,000 rubles. On December 29, 2002, the buyer paid for the goods. Ownership of the goods passes at the moment the goods are transferred from the seller to the buyer. Obligations to the budget arise as the buyer repays the debt.
The system of discounts provided to the buyer stipulates that when more than 1000 units are shipped to the buyer. a product of the same name is provided with a 10% discount by reducing the selling price of the product. When the buyer pays for the goods within 10 days, a 10% discount is provided.

The discount provided for product A will be:

2,500 * 200 * 10% = 50,000 rub.

Cost of goods A under the contract, taking into account the discount:

2,500 * 200 - 50,000 = 450,000 rub.

450,000 x 20% = 90,000 rub.

Total including VAT:

450,000 + 90,000 = 540,000 rub.

Discount amount for early payment:

450,000 * 10% = 45,000 rub.

VAT discount amount:

90,000 * 10% = 9,000 rub.

Total total discount amount is 54,000 rubles.

The purchase price of goods sold is:

2,500 * 150 = 375,000 rub.

The following entries will be made in accounting:

20.12.2002

Debit 62 Credit90.1 - 540,000 rub. - the goods are shipped to the buyer;

20.12.2002

Debit 90.3 Credit 76 - 90,000 rub. - VAT payable by the buyer is taken into account;

29.12.2002

Debit 51 Credit 62 - 486,000 rub. - the buyer paid for the goods;

29.12.2002

Debit 62 Credit 90.1 - (54,000) rub. - discounts provided on the payment deadline (reversal) are taken into account;

29.12.2002

Debit 90.3 Credit 76 - (9,000) rub. - discount in terms of VAT (reversal) is taken into account;

31.12.2002

Debit 90.2 Credit 41 - 375,000 rub. - sold goods are written off;

31.12.2002

Debit 90.9 Credit 99 - 30,000 rub. - the financial result from the sale of goods is determined.

According to clause 6.2. PBU 9/99, when selling products and goods, performing work, providing services on the terms of a commercial loan provided in the form of deferment and installment payment, receivables are accepted for accounting in the full amount under the contract.

Upon receipt of a claim for payment of the cost of low-quality products (goods), work performed, services provided, or a reduction in the price of the contract, the enterprise either agrees with the requirements of the buyer (customer) or resolves the dispute in court. In the first case, upon agreement with the requirements of the buyer (customer), an entry must be made in the accounting accounts that reduces the amount of the buyer's receivables. Such an entry should be made by reversing a previously made entry to increase the buyer’s (customer’s) receivables:

Debit 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"
Credit 90 "Sales"

Accounting for accounts receivable under agreements providing for payment in kind

As a rule, settlements between counterparties are carried out using funds in cash or non-cash forms. However, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation also provides for other, non-monetary forms of fulfillment of the buyer’s obligations under the contract.

Firstly, in accordance with Article 410 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, an obligation may be terminated in whole or in part by offsetting a counterclaim of the same type, the period of which has come, or the period of which is not specified or is determined by the moment of demand. For offset, a statement from one party is sufficient.

Offsetting claims is not allowed “if, at the request of the other party, the claim is subject to a statute of limitations and this period has expired” (Article 411 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Secondly, according to Article 413 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the obligation is also terminated by the coincidence of the debtor and the creditor in one person.

Thirdly, the obligation may terminate if the parties have agreed to replace the original obligation that existed between them with another obligation between the same counterparties, providing for a different subject or method of execution (novation) (Article 414 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Fourthly, the obligation is terminated if the creditor releases the debtor from his obligations (Article 415 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The debtor can be released from obligations if the rights of other persons in relation to the creditor's property are not violated.

Fifthly, according to Article 409 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the obligation can be terminated by agreement of the parties by submitting compensation.

One of the forms of fulfilling obligations not in cash is fulfilling obligations under an exchange agreement. According to Article 567 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, each party undertakes to transfer the goods into the ownership of the other party and, accordingly, receive the goods from the other party. The rules on purchase and sale (Article 567 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) apply to exchange contracts. It follows from this rule that each party is both a seller and a buyer. An enterprise, performing the functions of a seller, must determine the price at which it will sell the goods, and, performing the functions of a buyer, must decide whether it agrees to purchase the goods at the price offered by the counterparty. When concluding an exchange agreement, two situations are possible. In the first case, the goods to be exchanged are recognized as equivalent. In the second case, the goods to be exchanged are not considered to be of equal value, and in this case one of the parties must pay the other party a certain amount.

It is necessary to emphasize once again that the prices for goods at which the goods are sold are recognized as equal under the barter agreement. It does not follow from this that the assessments of material assets by which they are taken into account in the accounting of enterprises should be equal.

According to clause 6.3. PBU 9/99, the amount of receivables under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) not in cash is accepted for accounting at the cost of goods (valuables) received or to be received by the organization. The cost of goods (valuables) received or to be received by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the cost of similar goods (valuables).

The concepts of “comparable circumstances” and “similar goods” are not disclosed in the regulations governing accounting in the Russian Federation. In this case, it seems appropriate to use the provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. According to paragraph 2 of Article 40 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, tax authorities, when monitoring the completeness of tax calculations, have the right to check the correctness of the application of prices for commodity exchange transactions. The tax authority has the right to make a reasoned decision to assess additional taxes and penalties, calculated in such a way as if the results of this transaction were assessed based on the application of market prices for the relevant goods, works or services.

At the same time, the market price of a product (work, service), according to the Tax Code, is understood as the price established by the interaction of supply and demand in the market of identical (and in their absence, homogeneous) goods (work, services) under comparable economic (commercial) conditions.

The market for goods (work, services) is the sphere of circulation of these goods (work, services), determined based on the ability of the buyer (seller) to actually purchase (sell) the goods (work, service) without significant additional costs in the market closest to the buyer ( seller) territory.

Identical products are those that have the same basic characteristics characteristic of them (physical characteristics, quality and reputation in the market, country of origin and manufacturer, etc.).

However, it should be noted that for tax purposes, the price of goods, works or services indicated by the parties to the transaction is accepted, unless otherwise provided by Article 40 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. And until the contrary is proven, it is assumed that the price specified by the parties to the transaction corresponds to the level of market prices.

If the price of the exchanged goods is not directly indicated in the exchange agreement, then information about prices will necessarily be contained in the invoice received from the counterparty or issued to him.

If, nevertheless, it is not possible to establish the cost of goods (valuables) received by the organization, then the amount of receivables in accordance with clause 6.3. PBU 9/99 is determined by the cost of products (goods) transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The cost of products (goods) transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines revenue in relation to similar products (goods).

The amount of receivables is determined only by the price of the goods established by agreement of the parties. An increase in accounts receivable by the amount of costs for the transfer of goods should not be made, since in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 568 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, “the costs of their transfer and acceptance are borne in each case by the party that bears the corresponding obligations.” Therefore, the costs of transferring goods must be taken into account when determining the selling price of the goods.

The volume of receivables under an exchange agreement increases by the amount of funds to be transferred by the second party if the goods are not of equal value and the value of the transferred goods is greater than the value of the goods received in exchange.

How is payment by bill reflected?

Quite often in practice, enterprises use promissory notes from third parties when paying off obligations under a purchase and sale agreement, supply, contract, or provision of paid services.

The most difficult point in this case is considered to be the following: Can payment by bill of exchange be considered the final payment and the transaction completed, or are we simply dealing with a deferment in debt repayment?

The following sections of analytical accounting are new (compared to the old chart of accounts):