Main. Subject. Consumption, savings and investment. The country's GDP investment multiplier is $200 billion, maximum

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution of higher professional education

"Ufa State Aviation Technical University"

Institute of Economics and Management

TEST

in the discipline "Economic Theory"

Option 1

(correspondence department)

Completed by: INEC student

gr. E-209 Asadullina G.N.

Checked by: Maryina A.V.

1. The concept of national economy

The national economy is a historically established system of social reproduction of the country, an interconnected system of industries and types of production, covering the forms of social labor existing in the national economy. The national economy consists of a number of large spheres: material and intangible production, non-production sphere.

The most important component of the national economy is material production, in which the means of production and consumer goods necessary for the life and development of society are created. Material production includes such sectors as industry, agriculture, construction, transport, trade, and communications. The largest branch of material production is industry, which consists of two groups of industries - mining and manufacturing.

The national economy is the object of study of various economic sciences. Thus, economic relations and patterns of development in its individual sectors are studied by such disciplines as economics of industry, construction, agriculture, etc.

The basis of the national economy is made up of enterprises, firms, organizations, households, united by economic relationships into a single whole, performing certain functions in the social division of labor, producing goods or services.

2. Structure of the national economy

The structure of the national economy represents stable quantitative relationships between its components. There are reproductive, social, territorial structures and infrastructure of the national economy.

The reproductive structure reflects its division into the most widespread types of economic entities, which reproduce themselves and, as a result of their activities, reproduce the flow of goods and services between them. In the economy of each country, three large interconnected groups of the reproductive structure can be distinguished: households, enterprises (entrepreneurial business), and the state.

The household occupies a special place in the reproductive structure. It is an important area of ​​the national economy, where a significant part of the national income is consumed and huge amounts of money are accumulated. This group acts as the main supplier of labor resources.

The social structure of the national economy means dividing it into sectors - sets of socio-economic units united by certain socio-economic relations. The national economy can be divided into similar sectors according to groups of enterprises, population, types of labor and other characteristics.

The sectoral structure presupposes the division of the national economy into sectors - qualitatively homogeneous groups of economic units that perform functions that are identical in socio-economic content in the process of social reproduction. The sectoral structure includes large national economic sectors (industry, agriculture, science, etc., and each of them has sub-sectors). The sectoral structure plays an important role in the national economy, because It is at the industry level that planning and forecasting are carried out and statistical data is taken into account.

The territorial structure is determined by the location of productive forces on the territory of the country and means the division of the national economy into economic regions. Infrastructure includes industries that support production. These include highways and railways, energy, water and gas supply, communications and other industries.

The structure of foreign trade is characterized by the ratio of various product groups in exports and imports.

The structure of any national economy tends to become more complex under the influence of scientific and technical progress, expansion and deepening of the division of labor, specialization of production, the emergence of new types of production and the withering away of old ones, as well as other factors.

3. Problems of the national economy

The development of the national economy raises a whole range of problems. This includes the balance of economic development of the national economy, improving the structure of the latter, increasing its efficiency, accelerating the pace and paths of economic growth, balance and stability. One of the main problems of macroeconomics at the present stage is the achievement and maintenance of macroeconomic equilibrium, periodic deviations from which indicate the presence of “diseases” in the market economy system. The most important manifestations of economic instability and “diseases” of a market economy are cyclicality, unemployment and inflation.

The balance of the national economy means correspondence between interrelated sectors, between the volumes of products produced and the needs for them. The basis of balance is proportionality. Balance and proportionality in reality are usually unstable and constantly violated. For example, economic growth leads to the establishment of new proportions and a new balance. Since there is no complete correspondence between industries in real life, there is a constant need to maintain balance by adjusting the proportions between individual areas of the economy, as well as within them. In material production, for this it is necessary, first of all, to ensure correspondence between the first and second divisions, i.e. between the production of means of production and consumer goods. If such correspondence is violated, then Division I will not be able to provide means of production to both divisions, and Division II will not be able to provide consumer goods for employed and additionally recruited workers of both divisions.

Abrupt changes in the structure of the national economy can lead to profound and quite acute consequences, covering both national and international economic relations.

Structural crises manifest themselves in changes not in the general economic situation, but in some individual industries or areas of the economy. Often, structural crises affect many sectors of the economy and even many areas of the world economy.

Under certain conditions, structural crises can have a profound impact on economic development for quite a long time.

Countries with economies in transition at the very beginning of transformations are faced with the problem of suppressing (in some countries, preventing) high inflation. An indicator of the success of stabilization measures in this area is considered to be a reduction in the annual increase in the consumer price index by 30% or less.

4. Main indicators of the national economy and methods of their calculation

1. gross domestic product (GDP);

2. gross national product (GNP);

3. net domestic product (NDP);

4. internal income (ID);

5. personal income of citizens (PD).

Currently, the main indicator of national production in most countries of the world is GDP.

Gross domestic product expresses the total value of final goods and services created within a country, regardless of the nationality of the factors of production used in production.

Gross domestic product is calculated using three methods:

1. by income: the income of the population, corporations, interest on savings, state income from business activities, as well as in the form of taxes on production and imports, depreciation charges are summed up;

2. by expenditures: consumer expenditures of households, investment expenditures of firms, government expenditures on purchases of goods, services and investments and the foreign trade balance are summed up;

3. by the amount of products produced: only the value added by each firm is summed up.

When calculating GDP based on the amount of production produced, in order to avoid double counting, only the value of goods and services that are used for final consumption and are not used for further processing is taken into account. Added value refers only to that part of the cost of a product or service that is created at a given enterprise.

There is a distinction between nominal and real GDP.

Nominal GDP is the volume of goods and services produced at current prices in force in a given year.

Real GDP is GDP measured in base year prices. The base year is the year from which the measurement begins or with which GDP is compared.

To bring nominal GDP to its real value, two indices are used: the consumer price index (CPI) and the GDP deflator.

The consumer price index expresses the relative change in the average price level of a group of goods over a certain period. It is determined by the formula:

CPI = Cost of the consumer basket in the current year / Cost of this basket in the base year X 100%.

Real GDP will be equal to the ratio of nominal GDP to the price index multiplied by 100%:

Real GDP = Nom GDP / CPI X 100%.

The GDP deflator shows the change in prices for all final goods and services produced in the economy, i.e. it more fully reflects changes in prices in society, covering all goods and services. Then:

GDP real = GDP nom / Deflator X 100%.

Gross national product (GNP) characterizes the value of final goods and services created not only within the country, but also outside it, i.e. created using resources owned by a given country, regardless of their geographical use.

Gross national product is calculated in the same way as gross domestic product, but differs from it by an amount equal to the difference between exports and imports.

Net domestic product (NDP) is measured by subtracting depreciation charges from GDP, i.e. the value of investment goods remaining in the sphere of production. NVP characterizes the value of GDP spent on household consumption and private investment:

NVP = GDP-A.

In the case of calculating net national product (NNP), depreciation charges are subtracted from GNP.

Domestic income (ID) is IDP minus all indirect taxes paid by entrepreneurs. VD acts as the total income of the owners of all factors of production: wages, profits, rent, interest.

To determine personal income (PI), the following should be subtracted from the PD value: contributions for social insurance of citizens, corporate profits, interest paid on a loan and added: dividends; transfer payments, interest income.

Personal income represents all income received by individuals and used for consumption, saving and paying taxes.

If we subtract from the LD the individual taxes paid by citizens, we obtain personal disposable income (PDI), which goes directly to consumption and savings, and not to the payment of individual taxes, which include, in particular, personal income tax, personal property tax , inheritance tax, etc.

1. Choose the correct answer. Give solutions to problems.

2.1. If in a closed economy, consumer spending is $1000 billion, private saving is $100 billion, government purchases of goods and services is $300 billion, and the government budget is balanced, then total output is equal to:

a) 1000 billion dollars;

b) 1100 billion dollars;

c) 1200 billion dollars;

d) 1300 billion dollars;

e) 1400 billion dollars.

Aggregate Output (Y) = Consumer Expenditure (C)

State procurement T&U (G)

Private Savings (S)

Y= 1000+300+100 = 1400 billion dollars.

2.2. Country X's GDP is $200 billion, MPC=0.75. If the country's government has set a goal of achieving a GDP of $400 billion, what should the investment be (initial value or increase)?

№1. Suppose national production includes two goods: X And Y.X- consumer goods Y- investment product. This year 200 units were produced. goods X priced at $2 per; unit and 10 units of goods Y at a price of $4 per unit. By the end of this year, 6 used units of investment goods must be replaced with new ones.

Calculate:

c) volume of consumption and volume of gross investment;

d) the volume of net investment.

№2. Consider the data presented in the table:

Answer the following questions:

a) what is the difference between real GDP and nominal GDP?

b) how and for what purpose is real GDP calculated?

c) fill in the last column of the table.

№3. A decision is made to install road signs.

The marginal cost for each additional sign is 150 units.

1) What will be the optimal level of production for society?

a) costs are distributed in the same proportion as benefits;

b) costs are distributed equally between groups, and benefits in a given proportion (60%, 30%, 10%);

c) benefits are distributed evenly, but costs are distributed unevenly (A bears 80% of the costs, B and C - 10% each)?

№4. 1986 Nobel Prize winner in economics James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock analyzed the motivations behind political decision-making in their book Counting Consent. In their opinion, people, moving from the sphere of market activity to political activity, do not change the rules of market behavior and strive to use state bureaucratic structures to satisfy their own interests.

J. Buchanan and G. Tulloch note that if firms are to be analyzed as “maximizing profits,” then politicians must be viewed as “maximizing votes,” and government bureaucracies are “maximizing their size.”

Reflect on the given text and formulate answers to the following questions:

2) What is the private interest of the state bureaucracy?

3) What is the essence of the search for political rent?

№5. In the economy of the country "Alpha", the investment function is determined by the equation I = 40 + 0.4 Y, and the saving function is given by the equation S=-20 + 0,6Y, Where Y- national income. Determine the equilibrium level Y.

№6. The consumption function has the form: WITH= 100 + 0,8 Y.

a) calculate consumer spending (consumption) and savings at given income values:

b) build a consumption schedule;

c) calculate the marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to save;

d) calculate the spending multiplier.

a) what does a segment mean? OA on the chart? How can consumption expenditures be positive when income is zero?

b) what factors can cause graph C to shift up or down?

№8. Country's GDP X is 200 billion dollars. The marginal propensity to consume is 0.75. If the country's government has set a goal of achieving a GDP of $400 billion, what should the investment be?

№9. What is the name of the situation that occurs in the economy when the curve shifts? C+ I(see the figure for the previous task number) up? When the same curve is shifted down? Show both situations graphically.

№10. Nominal GDP = $750 billion, natural unemployment rate = 5%, actual unemployment rate = 9%. What volume of products in monetary terms is underproduced in the country? (Oken's coefficient = 2.5).

№11. To the enterprise A, engaged in the production of fabrics, it is necessary in the near future to purchase 3 new machines with a total cost of 30 million rubles, the production of which is carried out by the enterprise IN. Funds for their acquisition by the enterprise A does not currently have; at the enterprise IN, on the contrary, there are excess funds. Consider the following situations:

a) enterprise IN deposits into your bank account WITH 30 million rub. Enterprise A takes the same amount from the bank WITH in the form of a loan.

b) enterprise IN transfers to the enterprise A 3 machines on deferred payment terms.

Name the forms of credit that are used in situations (a) and (b).

№12. Let's assume that the demand for money for transactions is 10% of nominal GDP, the supply of money is $350 billion, and the demand for money from assets is shown in the table:

№13. The real curve demonstrating the dependence of tax revenues on the tax rate may deviate from the ideal Laffer curve, in which maximum tax revenues are observed at a tax rate in the range of 35-50%. Among other reasons for this deviation, the optimistic or pessimistic mood of economic agents is often identified. Which of the proposed curves do you think shows the considered dependence in an optimistic society, and which one - in a pessimistic society?

t- tax rate

T- revenues to the state budget

№14. The country has the following income tax scale:

During the current period, the price level and nominal incomes have doubled. Calculate the total amount of income tax for three individuals who had the following nominal incomes: 20, 40 and 60 thousand dollars.

a) before the price level rises;

b) after the price level rises.

What conclusions can you draw by comparing the two calculated amounts?

№15. Which of the following graphs illustrates the utilitarian approach to the problem of fair distribution of income and which illustrates the Rawlsian approach? When choosing a graph to illustrate the utilitarian approach, answer the question: are the utility functions of two individuals the same in this case? Give reasons for your answer.

Author	Name	Publishing house	Year of publication	Quantity in the library
Basic literature
	Macroeconomics. Theory and Russian practice Ed. Gryaznova A.G.	KnoRus
Kamaev V.D.	Economic theory: textbook	VLADOS
Simkina L.G.	Economic theory: textbook. for universities / L. G. Simkina. – 2nd ed.	SPb.: Peter
	Economic theory for bachelors: educational method. Benefit for the 80th anniversary of the university / RGEU (RINH); edited by N.G. Kuznetsova and Yu.P. Lubneva.	Rostov n/d: Publishing house RGEU (RINH),
	Economic theory: [textbook] / ed. A.I. Dobrynina, L.S. Tarasevich. – 3rd ed., add. And correct. -	SPb.: Peter
	Economic theory: textbook. manual for universities / ed. A.G. Gryaznov and V.M. Sokolinsky. – 5th ed., revised. and additional	M.: KnoRus
Additional literature
Borisov, E.F.	Economic theory: in questions and answers: textbook. allowance / E. F. Borisov.	M.: Prospekt
Borisov, E.F.	Economic theory: textbook / E. F. Borisov; MSYUA. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional	M.: Prospekt
Kamaev, V.D.	Economic theory: brief. Course: textbook. for universities / V. D. Kamaev, M. Z. Ilchikov, T. A. Borisovskaya. – 3rd ed., erased.	M.: Knorus
Nosova S.S.	Economic theory: textbook. for universities / S. S. Nosova. – 2nd ed., erased. – M.: KnoRus
Sazhina M.A.	Economic theory: textbook. / M. A. Sazhina, G. G. Chibrikov. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional	M.: Norma,
	Economics: textbook. for university students / A. I. Arkhipova [etc.]; edited by A.I. Arkhipova, A.K. Bolshakova. – 3rd ed., revised. and additional	M.: Prospekt
	Economic theory: textbook. / ed. Prof. O.S. Belokrylova. – 2nd ed. -	Rostov n/a: Phoenix
	Economic theory: textbook. for students Universities / ed. A.I. Dobrynina, L.S. Tarasevich. – 4th ed.	SPb.: Peter
	Economic theory: textbook. manual / ed.: A.G. Gryaznova, V.M. Sokolinsky. – 4th ed., erased.	M.: KnoRus
	Economic theory: textbook / pod. Ed. E.N. Lobacheva. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional	M.: Higher education
Periodicals
European Journal of Economic Studies
Journal of Economic Regulation = Issues of economic regulation
Kant: Economics and Management
Economics and management: problems, solutions
Economics: theory and practice

Internet resources

wvwv.csr.ru – Materials of the Center for Strategic Research.

www.akm.ru – Information agency “AK & M” (Russia).

www.almaz.com./nobel/economics – information about Nobel Prize laureates in economics

www.budgetrf.ru – data on budgets of all levels of government, Budget Code, Tax Code and other regulations and documents. Monitoring of economic indicators

www.cbr.ru – Official website of the Central Bank of Russia (analytical materials). Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Data on the volume and structure of the money supply and monetary base; interest rates on various financial instruments, the Central Bank refinancing rate, the number of commercial banks, required reserve ratios, international reserves of the Central Bank, balance of payments, external debt of the Russian Federation.

www.cepa.newschool.edu/het – site on the history of economic thought. An alphabetical index of the names of all famous economists of the past and present, their brief biographical information, a list of the main scientific works of each economist. Review of the main schools and trends in economic theory, including macroeconomics - classical, neoclassical, Keynesianism, neo-Keynesianism, monetarism, rational expectations theory, etc. Articles about the main theories studied in the course of macroeconomics - the Keynesian theory of general economic equilibrium, the theory of economic cycles, the theory of economic growth, etc.

www.econ-canada.com/stuident/links/micro2.htm – Mankiw's Microeconomics-Student Resources-Links

www.fas.gov.ru - information materials of the Federal Antimonopoly Service (since March 2004)

www.federalreserv.gov – US Federal Reserve System. Data on the structure of the monetary system, the volume and structure of the money supply and monetary base, various types of interest rates.

www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/Current/h6.txt – data on the volume and structure of the money supply in the United States (monetary aggregates M1, M2, MZ, L).

www.finansy.ru – Thematic files on socio-economic problems, materials on the socio-economic situation and development in Russia

www.gks.ru – Federal State Statistics Service, FSGS (formerly Goskomstat of Russia). Data on the size and dynamics of nominal and real GDP, the number of unemployed, the dynamics of industrial production, price indices, the state budget, internal and external debt, the balance of payments of the Russian Federation.

www.gks.ru/scripts/free/lc.exe – main indicators of the system of national accounts.

www.hse.ru - State University - Higher School of Economics, articles, research results of Russian scientists

www.iet.ru – Institute for the Economy in Transition (Russia). Monthly reviews “Russian economy - trends and prospects”: monetary and budgetary spheres (inflationary processes, balance of payments, nominal and real exchange rates, money supply and demand for money, state budget); real sector of the economy.

www.iew/unizh.ch/grp/fehr/absdb - University of Zurich, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics Publication in Microeconomics

www.ilrg.com - Internet Legal Research Group search engine.

www.imf.org – International Monetary Fund. System of National Accounts (SNA-93), its use in countries around the world; overview of economic development by country, IMF annual reports, international capital markets, international trade, purchasing power parity, money laundering, corruption, etc.

www.inme.ru – Institute of National Economic Model (Russia).

www.ise.openlab.spb.ru/cgi-ise/gallery – Gallery of Economists

www.libertarium.ru – A collection of texts by Russian scientists on problems of economic theory and economic policy, as well as translations of articles and books by famous Western economists.

www.libertarium.ru/library – library of materials on economic topics

www.maprf.ru – information materials of the Ministry of the Russian Federation on antimonopoly policy and support of entrepreneurship (until 2004)

www.minfin.ru – Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. Data on federal, regional, consolidated budgets (plan and cash execution), internal and external debt, balance of payments of the Russian Federation.

www.nalog.ru – Federal Tax Service. Data on budgets of all levels of government, the volume and structure of tax revenues.

www.nber.org – US National Bureau of Economic Research. Data on the number, duration and amplitude of fluctuations in economic cycles from 1834 to the present, the volume and dynamics of GDP, consumer spending, investment, price indices. Dates of “turning points” of recent economic cycles. Dynamics of unemployment and its natural level. Articles on the theory of business cycles. Articles by researchers in the field of micro- and macroeconomics, economic indicators.

www.nobel.se/economics/laureates – Nobel Prize Laureates in Economics

www.one.ru – Economics and finance

Dear classmates!

I don't have a minute...

Unfortunately, Tamara Sergeevna made the first 13 tickets without me.

I hasten to send them to you. There are new tasks and tests here! The remaining 22 tickets are only for already solved problems. I can only do them in the evening, since I have them in outline form (only by question numbers). But I think that if you want, you can make it out this way: the first digit is the test number, the second is the task number.

With friendly greetings,

Yulia Tsvetkova

Ticket No. 1

1.Possibilities of the impact of economic policy on economic growth.

2.If the volume of nominal GDP and the price level increased, then:

a) real GDP has not changed

b) real GDP increased, but to a lesser extent than prices

c) real GDP decreased

d) this information does not allow us to determine the dynamics of real GDP.

c) an increase in net exports due to a decrease in the domestic price level

relative to the world

d)increase in consumption due to expected income growth

e) reduction of idle production capacity due to economic recovery

4Determine the correctness of the given provisions. Justify your answers:

b) during a crisis, prices rise

c) revival - the phase of the cycle following the depression phase

d) the duration of short-term cycles is 8-10 years

5A 1% reduction in inflation leads to a 3% fall in real GDP per year. Determine the level of cyclical unemployment if the Okun coefficient is 2.5, and the inflation rate was reduced by 2%

1. Anti-inflationary policy and its types

2. In the country’s economy, the investment function is determined by the equation I=40+0.4y,

and the savings function is given by the equation S=-20+0.6Y, where Y is the net national product (NNP).

Then the equilibrium NNP in the country is equal to:

a) -100, b) -200, c) -300, d) -400

3.An example of built-in stability is:

4) If the monetary base is equal to $40 billion, then the amount of money in circulation will be in billions of dollars:

a)200; b) 160;c) 100; d) 90; e) 80.

5. The real volume of GDP this year is 920 billion. e., and potential GDP is 1000 billion. Find the actual unemployment rate if the natural rate of unemployment is 6%

Bile6t No. 8

5. In the country's economy, NVP is equal to 6000 billion conventional units. den. units, the amount of indirect taxes is 500 conventional units. den. units, and the amount of depreciation of fixed capital is 600 conventional units. den. units Determine the value of GDP

1.Philips curve in the short and long term

2. The “zero saving” point of the consumption function is the point at which:

a) savings equal income

b) income equals consumption

c) savings equal consumption

d)marginal propensity to save is zero.

3.If prices and wages are fixed in the short term and flexible in the long term, then:

a) the long-run aggregate supply curve is vertical

b) the long-run aggregate supply curve will be horizontal

c) the long-run aggregate supply curve will correspond to potential output

d) changes in the volume of money by the state and promotion of employment will affect the volume of output only in the short term

d) all of the above are true.

4. The state in a recession phase must implement:

a) increasing tax rates

b) tight monetary policy

c)increase in government spending

d)increasing depreciation periods

5. Let us assume that national production includes two goods; X is a consumer good and Y is an investment good. In the current year, 350 units of product X were produced at a price of $1 per unit and 10 units of product Y at a price of $5 per unit.

By the end of this year, 5 used units of investment goods must be replaced with new ones

Calculate: a) GDP and b) NVP

Ticket number 10

1. IS-LM model, its premises, main provisions and analytical capabilities

2.Chinese workers work in Japan. Their income:

a) included in China's GDP

b) included in Japan's GDP

c) included in China's GNI

d) is not included in Japan's GNI

d) there is no correct answer

3.According to Okun's law, a 3% excess of the actual level of unemployment over its natural level means that the gap between the actual volume of GDP and the potential is:

a)7.5%; b) 3%; c)4%; d) 5%; d)6%

4.Stagflation can be shown as:

b) shift of the supply curve to the right

c) shift of the Philips curve to the left

Ticket number 11

1. Equilibrium of the money market and the mechanism for its establishment

2.The Laffer curve reflects the relationship between;

a) tax rate and financing of public expenditures

b) tax rate and tax revenues to the budget

c) tax rate and government spending

d) tax rate and non-tax revenues

2. The country's GDP is $200 billion. The marginal propensity to consume is -0.75.

If the government of the country has set the goal of achieving GDP at the level of 400 billion. dollars, there must be investments;

a) 100 billion. Doll.; b) $200 billion; c) 150 billion dollars; d) 150 billion dollars.

3. The short-term Phillips curve reflects:

a) the alternative between inflation and unemployment

b) a positive relationship between inflation and unemployment

c) features of the money market

d) an alternative between inflation and budget problems

4.GDP is:

a) the cost of final products produced in the country during the year

b) the sum of the products of all domestic firms

c) the total amount of income received by the population

d) the cost of goods and services produced in the private sector

d) the total volume of production of all goods and services produced in a year

5.The following data is available

	Nominal GDP, billion dollars	Price level index	Real GDP billion dollars

Calculate real GDP for each year

Ticket number 12

1. Monetary policy, its goals and instruments

2.In conditions of a “liquidity trap”:

a)monetary policy is especially effective

b) monetary policy is completely ineffective

4.Are the following statements true:

b) Household expenditures on the purchase of a new home are included in consumer expenditures

d) disposable income is the earned income of the owner of economic resources, remaining at his disposal after deducting individual taxes

e) public investments are not included in investment expenses

e) the volume of real GNI can be measured in physical terms

g) GNI differs from GDP by the amount of net exports

h) the consumer price index is calculated based on the prices of goods included in the market consumer basket

i) resales do not increase GNI

5. In the previous year, potential GDP was 4000 USD. e., and the aggregate demand curve was described by the equation Y = 4200-2P. This year, potential GDP grew by 1%, and the aggregate demand equation took the form Y = 4280-2P. By what percentage did the equilibrium price level change during this period?

Ticket number 13

1. Money supply and monetary base. Money multiplier.

2. It is easiest to shift taxes to consumers on products that:

a) have many substitutes (substitute goods);

b) do not constitute the main share of consumption;

c) do not have complements (complementary goods);

D) have low price elasticity of demand.

Ticket number 14

	The IS-LM model, its premises, main provisions and analytical possibilities. IS curve: algebraic derivation and plotting, slope and curve shifts. LM curve: algebraic derivation and graphing, slope and curve shifts.

Ticket number 15

	Equilibrium of the money market and the mechanism of its establishment.

Ticket number 16

	Central bank and its functions.

	Money supply and types of monetary aggregates.

Ticket number 17

Ticket No.18

	Money market and its features. Functions and types of money. Types of demand for money. Demand for money in classical and Keynesian models.

Ticket number 19

	Fiscal policy and its types. Discretionary and automatic fiscal policy. Advantages and disadvantages of fiscal policy. Consequences of fiscal policy in the short and long term.

Ticket No.20

	Government expenditures, their types and impact on the economy. State revenues. Taxes, their types and role in the economy. State budget and its balance.

Ticket number 21

	The multiplier effect in a simple Keynesian model. Types of multipliers (autonomous expenditures, taxes, balanced budget, simple and complete).

Ticket number 22

	Keynesian model of the market for goods and services. Planned and actual expenses. Conditions for establishing equilibrium in the Keynesian cross model.

Ticket No.23

	Model AD-AS. Shocks of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, their types and consequences.

Ticket No.24

	The relationship between unemployment and inflation: the Phillips curve

Ticket No.25

	Inflation, its indicators, types, causes and consequences.

Ticket No.26

	Economic consequences of unemployment. Okun's Law.

Ticket No.27

	The economic cycle, its phases, causes and dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators at different phases of the cycle.

Ticket No.2 8

	Natural rate of unemployment.

Ticket No.2 9

	Unemployment, its indicators and types.

Ticket number 30

	Nominal and real GDP. Price indices.

Ticket number 31

	Gross domestic product and methods of its measurement.

Ticket number 32

	Two approaches to the analysis of macroeconomic processes: classical and Keynesian.

Ticket number 33

	Basic macroeconomic identity. Injections and withdrawals.

Ticket number 34

Ticket number 35

	Subject of macroeconomics. Methods of macroeconomic analysis. Macroeconomic models.

1. If with an income of 40,000 den. units Household spending on savings is 10,000 den. units, what is the average propensity to consume.

Solution: The average propensity to save is calculated using the formula: ARS = . The average propensity to consume is: APC= 1 – APS APC = 1- 0.25 = 0.75

2. Let us assume that the state of equilibrium in the macroeconomy is achieved with a GNP equal to $60 billion. The level of consumption is equal to 40 billion dollars. The volume of investments also amounts to 20 billion dollars. New opportunities have emerged in the economy to increase investment by $10 billion, the marginal propensity to consume is 2/3. Determine how much additional investment will cause an increase in GNP.

Solution: The autonomous expenditure multiplier is calculated using the formula: m=
; is a multiplier of any type of autonomous spending: consumer, investment and government. The multiplier can also be calculated through the maximum consumption rate ( mpc): m=
. Let's calculate m =
= 3; Let’s substitute the calculated and initial data into the multiplier formula and determine the desired increment in GNP:  GNP = 3 X 10 = 30 billion dollars .

3. The economy is characterized by the following data:Y = C + I + G + Xn; C =200 + 0,5 Di(WhereDi- disposable income);I = 150 + 0,2 Y; G = 200;t= 0.2 (wheret- tax rate);Xn =150 – 0,1 Y. Calculate the equilibrium level of income and the value of the autonomous expenditure multiplier.

Solution: 1. We determine the equilibrium level of income from the given basic macroeconomic identity: Y = C + I + G + Xn. Let's express consumption as a function of the total level of income: Disposable income (Di) is income (Y) minus taxes (T). T = t x Y; Di = Y – 0.2Y = Y(1-0.2) = 0.8Y. Hence C = 200 + 0.5x 0.8Y = 200 + 0.4Y;

Y = 200 + 0.4Y + 150 + 0.2Y + 200 + 150 – 0.1Y ;

Y – 0.4Y – 0.2Y + 0.1Y = 700; 0.5Y = 700; Y= 1400

2. The multiplier of autonomous expenses is calculated using the formula: m = 1/(1-mpc) We take the maximum consumption rate mpc from the given consumption function C = 200 + 0.5Di ( C =Ca+mpcx D), that is, mpc = 0.5. Hence m = 1/(1-0.5) = 2

Tasks:

If the economy is characterized by the following ratios: C = 323+0.3Y, T = 100, G = 80, I = 300, where C is a function of consumer spending, Y is income, T is direct taxes, G is government spending, I is investment, then the equilibrium output in the economy is equal to;

Given the consumption function: C = 40 + 0.85Di. What will be the amount of savings if household income is 300 units?

With an increase in household income from 30 thousand rubles. up to 50 thousand rubles. and an increase in consumption by 15 thousand rubles. What will the autonomous spending multiplier be equal to?

In 2004, in the Republic of Vilabadji, households had a disposable income of 100 thousand ECU, and they spent 90 thousand ECU on the purchase of goods and services. If in 2005 these figures were 120 thousand ECU and 106 thousand ECU, respectively. Calculate the marginal propensity to consume.

In the Republic of Alphania, the population's marginal propensity to consume is 0.75. Calculate the autonomous spending multiplier.

If disposable income increased from 600 thousand rubles. up to 650 thousand rubles, and consumption increased by 40 thousand rubles, then the marginal propensity to save is equal to...

If, with an increase in personal disposable income from 200 to 400 million rubles, personal consumer expenditures increased by 150 million rubles, then the marginal propensity to save (MPS) (as a percentage) is equal to ...

Determine by what amount gross investment needs to be increased (in million rubles) so that equilibrium GDP increases by 20 million rubles, if the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8

If the marginal propensity to save is 0.4. If government spending increases by 100 million rubles, how will the equilibrium output change?

Disposable income increases as follows: 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600. Consumer spending increases accordingly: 120, 200, 270, 330, 380, 420.

Calculate the marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to save if DI (disposable income) increases from 100 to 200; from 300 to 400; from 500 to 600.

The relationship between the value of national income and the volume of household consumption is given by the following table:

Define:

Algebraic form of the Keynesian consumption function;

At what income does saving equal zero?

Household consumption function C= 40 + 0,75Di. Determine the amount of savings if the income tax rate is 20% and the total household income is 300 units.

The consumption function is given C= 0.7Di + 50. Present the amount of savings as a function of income before tax if the income tax rate is 13%

What should be the volume of production of goods so that with autonomous consumption 30 units. and the marginal propensity for household consumption of 0.4, the demand of entrepreneurs for investment in the amount of 80 units was satisfied. and states in the amount of 40 units?

Let's assume that the consumption function has the form: C = 50 + 0.8Y. Let us also assume that planned investments do not depend on income and are equal to I = 30. Government expenditures are: G= 10.

Define:

The equilibrium income level Y for this economy;

The level of equilibrium income if government spending increases and amounts to: G= 20;

What is the value of the multiplier in the economy under consideration?

WITH = 100 + 0.9Di (where Di is disposable income); I = 200; G = 200; Xn =100; t = 0.2 (where t is the tax rate); Calculate the equilibrium level of income and the value of the autonomous expenditure multiplier.

The economy is characterized by the following data: Y = C + I + G + Xn; WITH = 100 + 0.9Di (where Di is disposable income); I =200; G = 200; t = 0.2 (where t is the tax rate); Xn =100 – 0.12Y.

Calculate the equilibrium level of income and the value of the autonomous expenditure multiplier.

In year t -1, potential GDP was 4000, the AD curve was described by the equation Y = 4200-2Р. In year t, potential GDP grew by 1%, and the aggregate demand equation took the form Y = 4280-2Р. By what percentage did the equilibrium price level change in year t?

An increase in current investment spending by $100 million led to an increase in GNP by $500 million. Estimate the marginal propensity to save and determine the spending multiplier in the economy under consideration.

The consumption function is given by the formula: C=80+0.5Y. Fill out the table and draw a consumption graph.

The country's GDP is $200 billion. The marginal propensity to consume is 0.75. If the country's government has set a goal of achieving a GDP of $400 billion, then what should be the investment?

Household disposable income was $200 billion in 2006. They spent $190 billion on the purchase of goods and services. These figures amounted to $220 billion and $206 billion in 2007, respectively. Determine the marginal propensity to consume.